The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Volume  25 (2024)
Volume  24 (2023)
Volume  23 (2022)
Volume  22 (2021)
Volume  21 (2020)
Volume  20 (2019)
Volume  19 (2018)
Volume  18 (2017)
Volume  17 (2016)
Volume  16 (2015)
Volume  15 (2014)
Volume  14 (2013)
Volume  13 (2012)
Volume  12 (2011)
Volume  11 (2010)
Volume  10 (2009)
Volume  9 (2008)
Volume  8 (2007)
Volume  7 (2006)
Volume  6 (2005)
Volume  5 (2004)
Volume  4 (2003)
Volume  3 (2002)
Volume  2 (2001)
Volume  1 (1999)
Related articles

VOLUME 10 , ISSUE 3 ( May, 2009 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The Effect of Pre-cooling the Injection Site on Pediatric Pain Perception during the Administration of Local Anesthesia

Naser Asl Aminabadi, Ramin Mostofi Zadeh Farahani

Citation Information : Aminabadi NA, Farahani RM. The Effect of Pre-cooling the Injection Site on Pediatric Pain Perception during the Administration of Local Anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2009; 10 (3):43-50.

DOI: 10.5005/jcdp-10-3-43

License: CC BY-NC 3.0

Published Online: 01-06-2012

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2009; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cooling the soft tissue of injection sites on the pain perceptions of pediatric patients during the administration of local anesthesia for routine dental procedures.

Methods and Materials

A total of 160 children aged 5-6 years were included in the present study. On a random basis, the subjects were allocated to the without ice pretreatment (WIP) group (topical anesthesia + counterstimulation + distraction) or the ice pretreatment (IP) group (cooling + topical anesthesia + counterstimulation + distraction). During the administration of an inferior alveolar nerve block, the children's behavior was assessed using the sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale. The statistical analysis of data was performed based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

There were no significant differences within the groups between the values of the sound, eye, and motor components for either the WIP or the IP groups (P>0.05). All three components of the SEM in the IP group were consistently lower than the WIP group (P<0.05). Moreover, the SEM value for the WIP group surpassed the IP group (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Cooling the site of infiltration block prior to the injection of local anesthesia significantly reduced the pain perceived during injection of local anesthetic agent in pediatric patients.

Clinical Significance

Pre-cooling of the soft tissues of an injection site prior to the administration of a local anesthetic can minimize the discomfort and anxiety associated with the injection procedure and facilitates the management of pediatric patients during this phase of a dental procedure.

Citation

Aminabadi NA, Farahani RMZ. The Effect of Pre-cooling the Injection Site on Pediatric Pain Perception during the Administration of Local Anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2009 May; (10)3:043-050.

PDF Share
  1. Dental attendance in 1998 and implications for the future. Br Dent J. 2001;190:177–82.
  2. Psychophysiological responses to dental injections. J Am Dent Assoc. 1985;111:578–82.
  3. Blood-injury phobia: a review. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:207–13.
  4. Acquisition of blood and injection phobia and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients. Behav Res Ther. 1991;29:323–32.
  5. The fear behind the fear: a case study of apparent simple injection phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1990;21:281–7.
  6. Fundamentals of Pediatric Dentistry. Quintessence. 3rd ed. 1995. p 163.
  7. A critical review of the topical local anesthetic amethocaine (Ametop) for pediatric pain. Paediatr Drugs. 2005;7:41–54.
  8. Pain and anxiety reduction using a manual stimulation distraction device when administering local analgesia oro-dental injections: a multi-center clinical investigation. J Clin Dent. 2004;15:88–92.
  9. Towards a pain-free venepuncture. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:260–2.
  10. Pain reduction in lidocaine administration through buffering and warming. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:353–6.
  11. Pain of local anesthetics: rate of administration and buffering. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:36–40.
  12. The effects of warming and buffering on pain of infiltration of lidocaine. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:254–8.
  13. Local anaesthesia: to warm or alter the pH? A survey of current practice. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1999;44:167–71.
  14. Taking the ‘ouch’ out – effect of buffering commercial xylocaine on infiltration and procedure pain – a prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86:213–7.
  15. Pain comparison of unbuffered versus buffered lidocaine in local wound infiltration. J Emerg Med. 1992;10:411–5.
  16. Randomised control trial of pH buffered lignocaine with adrenaline in outpatient operations. Br J Plast Surg. 1998:51:385–7.
  17. The use of pH adjusted lignocaine in controlling operative pain in the day surgery unit: a prospective, randomised trial. Br J Plast Surg. 1996;49:404–8.
  18. A literary review on ice therapy in injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1977;5:124–6.
  19. The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries. Sports Med. 1986;3:398–414.
  20. Evaluation of the contribution to postoperative analgesia by local cooling of the wound. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:1021–5.
  21. Continuous local cooling for pain relief following total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:334–7.
  22. The effect of cold therapy on pain, swelling, and range of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Arthroscopy. 1994;10:530–3.
  23. The effect of cryotherapy on intraarticular temperature and postoperative care after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:357–62.
  24. Postoperative analgesic effects of an external cooling system and intraarticular bupivacaine/morphine after arthroscopic cruciate ligament surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;4:200–5.
  25. Role of skin cooling in improving patient tolerability of Q-switched Alexandrite (QS Alex) laser in nevus of Ota treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;32:148–51.
  26. A risk-benefit assessment of topical percutaneous local anaesthetics in children. Drug Saf. 1997;16:279–287.
  27. The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries. Sports Med. 1986;3:398–414.
  28. Effect of topical vapocoolant spray on skin test wheal, flare, and pain responses. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;5:149–153.
  29. Spray-induced frostbite in a child: a new hazard with novel aerosol propellants. Pediatr Dermatol. 1991;8:207–209.
  30. Local anaesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing: problems despite proper application. Br J Dermatol. 1991;124:113–114.
  31. Death due to inhalation of ethyl chloride. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:223–225.
  32. Ice freezes pain? A review of the clinical effectiveness of analgesic cold therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1994;9:56–59.
  33. “Cryoanalgesic preparation” before local anaesthetic injection for lid surgery. Orbit. 2006;25:107–110.
  34. A randomized observer blind comparison of bilateral facial ice pack therapy with no ice therapy following third molar surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:281–286.
  35. Does cryotherapy improve outcomes with soft tissue injury? J Athl Train. 2004;39:278–279.
  36. Topical ice: a precursor to palatal injections. J Endod. 1989;15:27–8.
  37. Analgesic pretreatment for antibiotic skin test: vapocoolant spray vs ice cube. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:59–61.
  38. The effect of local cooling on pain perception during infiltration of local anaesthetic agents, a prospective randomised controlled trial. J Anaesth. 2007;62:677–682.
  39. EMLA versus ice as a topical anesthetic. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:495–496.
  40. A literary review on ice therapy in injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1977;5:124–6.
  41. The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries. Sports Med. 1986;3:398–414.
  42. Evaluation of the contribution to postoperative analgesia by local cooling of the wound. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:1021–5.
  43. Continuous local cooling for pain relief following total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:334–7.
  44. The effect of cryotherapy on intraarticular temperature and postoperative care after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:357–62.
  45. Effect of tissue temperatures and blood flow on motor nerve conduction velocity. JAMA. 1966;198:1082–8.
  46. Nerve conduction velocity: relationship of skin, subcutaneous and intramuscular temperatures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1980;61:199–203.
  47. The effects of temperature on the isolated muscle spindle. J Physiol. 1965;180:636–48.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.