Effect of CO2 Laser and 1.23% Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride on Acid Resistance and Fluoride Uptake of Human Tooth Enamel: An In Vitro Assessment
Parag Kasar, Anil Patil
Keywords :
1.23% Acidulated phosphate fluoride, Acid resistance, CO2 laser, Fluoride uptake, Human tooth enamel
Citation Information :
Kasar P, Patil A. Effect of CO2 Laser and 1.23% Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride on Acid Resistance and Fluoride Uptake of Human Tooth Enamel: An In Vitro Assessment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019; 20 (9):1082-1089.
Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of CO2 laser treatment before applying 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), through topically applied 1.23% APF solution, and after applying 1.23% APF on acid resistance and fluoride uptake of the enamel.
Materials and methods: Sixty non-carious human premolars were extracted due to the orthodontic reason and stored in distilled water solution under refrigeration. Using a water-cooled diamond disc, enamel slabs of 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.5 mm were cut from the buccal surface of each tooth. Sixty samples were randomly divided into one control group and five test groups of 10 premolars each. Solution was prepared for wet chemical analysis followed by fluoride analysis that was carried out using a fluoride ion selective electrode (Thermo Scientific Orion 4-Star Plus ISE Meter). The weight of enamel (WE) was determined from the amount of calcium (Ca) etched away considering the fact that the Ca content of the human enamel is 37.4 wt%. The subgroups were statistically analyzed using ANOVA for fluoride determination and evaluation of acid resistance.
Results: There was a significant increase in acid resistance of enamel slabs when treated individually or in combination of a low-power CO2 laser and 1.23% APF solution. Application of 1.23% APF solution after low-power CO2 laser treatment showed maximum increase in acid resistance.
Conclusion: Application of a low-power pulsed CO2 laser through topically applied 1.23% APF solution resulted in a detrimental effect of the human tooth enamel with resultant decrease in acid resistance. High fluoride uptake does not necessarily indicate increased acid resistance.
Clinical significance: The present study provides evidence that a low-power CO2 laser can be used effectively in combination with topically applied 1.23% APF solution in order to make the enamel more resistant to acid attack, thereby helping in controlling dental caries.
Bibby BG. Use of fluorides in prevention of dental caries III. A consideration of the effectiveness of various mixtures. J Am Dent Assoc 1947;34(1):26–32. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1947.0009.
Brudevold F, De Paola PF. Studies on topically applied acidulated phosphate fluoride at Forsyth dental center. Dent Clin North Am 1966; 299–308.
Horowitz HS, Doyle J. The effect on dental caries of topically applied acidulated phosphate-fluoride: results after three years. J Am Dent Assoc 1971;82:359–365. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1971.0063.
Benediktsson S, Retief DH, et al. The effect of contact time of acidulated phosphate fluoride on fluoride concentration in human enamel. Arch Oral Biol 1982;27(7):567–572. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(82)90071-1.
Stern RH, Sognnaes RF, et al. Laser effect on in vitro enamel permeability and solubility. J Am Dent Assoc 1966;73(4):838–843. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1966.0319.
Featherstone JD, Nelson DG. Laser effects on dental hard tissues. Adv Dent Res 1987;1(1):21–26. DOI: 10.1177/08959374870010010701.
Nelson DG, Wefel JS, et al. Morphology, histology and crystallography of human dental enamel treated with pulsed low-energy infrared laser radiation. Caries Res 1987;21(5):411–426. DOI: 10.1159/000261047.
Lobene RR, Bhussry BR, et al. Interaction of carbon dioxide laser radiation with enamel and dentin. J Dent Res 1968;47(2):311–317. DOI: 10.1177/00220345680470021901.
Fox JL, Yu D, et al. Combined effects of laser irradiation and chemical inhibitors on the dissolution of dental enamel. Caries Res 1992;26(5):333–339. DOI: 10.1159/000261464.
Fox JL, Yu D, et al. Initial dissolution rate studies on dental enamel after CO2 laser irradiation. J Dent Res 1992;71(7):1389–1398. DOI: 10.1177/00220345920710070701.
Tepper SA, Zehnder M, et al. Increased fluoride uptake and acid resistance by CO2 laser-irradiation through topically applied fluoride on human enamel in vitro. J Dent 2004;32:635–641. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2004.06.010.
Stern RH, Vahl J, et al. Lased Enamel: Ultrastructural observations of pulsed carbon dioxide laser effects. J Dent Res 1972;51:455–460. DOI: 10.1177/00220345720510023501.
Kantorowitz ZVI, Featherstone JDB, et al. Caries prevention by CO2 laser treatment: dependency on the number of pulses used. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:585–591. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1998. 0276.
Featherstone JDB, Barrett-Vespone NA, et al. CO2 Laser inhibition of artificial caries-like lesion progression in dental enamel. J Dent Res 1998;77:1397–1403. DOI: 10.1177/00220345980770060401.
Lakshmi A, Shobha D, et al. Prevention of caries by pulsed Co2 laser pre treatment of enamel: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2001;19(4):152–156.
Tagomori S, Morioka T. Combined effects of laser and fluoride on acid resistance of human dental enamel. Caries Res 1989;23(4):225–231. DOI: 10.1159/000261182.
Kakade A, Damle SG, et al. Combined effect of carbon-dioxide laser and neutral 2% NaF on acid resistance of human tooth enamel. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 1996;14(1):26–30.
Hsu Chin-Ying S, Xiaoli G, et al. Effects of CO2 laser on fluoride uptake in enamel. J Dent 2004;32(2):161–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2003.10.004.
Meurman JH, Hemmerlé J, et al. Transformation of hydroxyapatite to fluorapatite by irradiation with high-energy CO2 laser. Caries Res 1997;31(5):397–400. DOI: 10.1159/000262425.
McCormack SM, Fried D, et al. Scanning electron microscope observation of CO2 laser effects on dental enamel. J Dent Res 1995;74(10):1702–1708. DOI: 10.1177/00220345950740101201.
Hattab F, Frostell G. The release of fluoride from two products alginate impression materials. Acta Odontol Scand 1980;38:385–395. DOI: 10.3109/00016358009033609.
Featherstone JDB, Glena R, et al. Dependence of in vitro demineralization of apatite and remineralization of dental enamel on fluoride concentration. J Dent Res 1990;69(Spec Issue):620–625. DOI: 10.1177/00220345900690S121.
Stern RH, Sognnaes RF. Laser beam effects on dental hard tissues. J Dent Res 1964;43:873.
Ferreira JM, Palamara J, et al. Effects of continuous-wave CO2 laser on the ultrastructure of human dental enamel. Arch Oral Biol 1989;34(7):551–562. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(89)90094-0.
Kantorowitz Z, Featherstone JDB, et al. Augmentation of CO2 laser inhibition of in vitro caries by fluoride. J Dent Res 1996; 75(Spec Issue):25.
Fried D, Ragadio J, et al. Dental hard tissue modification and removal using sealed transverse excited atmospheric pressure lasers operating at 9.6 and 10.6 μm. J Biomed Opt 2001;6(2):231–238. DOI: 10.1117/1.1344192.
Hsu CYS, Jordan TH, et al. Effects of low-energy CO2 laser irradiation and the organic matrix on inhibition of enamel demineralization. J Dent Res 2000;79(9):1725–1730. DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790091401.
Whitters CJ, Strang R. Preliminary investigation of a novel carbon dioxide laser for applications in dentistry. Lasers Surg Med 2000;26:262–269. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9101(2000)26:3<262::AID-LSM3>3.0.CO;2-7.
Esteves-Oliveira M, Zezell DM, et al. CO2 laser (10.6 μm) parameters for caries prevention in dental enamel. Caries Res 2009;43(4):261–268. DOI: 10.1159/000217858.
Zulerian MJ, Fried D, et al. Optical properties of dental enamel in the mid-IR determined by pulsed photothermal radiometry. IEEE J Sel Top Quant 1999;5:1083–1089. DOI: 10.1109/2944.796333.
Bosch T, Booij M. Quantitative comparison of methods measuring fluoride in solutions or in enamel. J Dent Res 1992;71(Spec Issue): 944–948.
Mellberg JR. Fluoride uptake by intact human tooth enamel from acidulated fluoride-phosphate preparations. J Dent Res 1966;45(2):303–307. DOI: 10.1177/00220345660450021501.
Mellberg JR, Loertscher KL. Fluoride acquisition in vitro by etched enamel from acidulated phosphate-fluoride preparations. J Dent Res 1973;52:447–450. DOI: 10.1177/00220345730520031001.
Margill S. Influence of fluoride on rate of dissolution of hydroxyapatite in acidic buffer solution. Caries Res 1975;9:45–49. DOI: 10.1159/000260141.
Hattab FN. In vitro fluoride uptake by lased and unlased ground human enamel. ASDC J Dent Child 1987;54(1):15–17.
Crall JJ, Bjerga JM. Enamel fluoride retention after DCPD and APF application and prolonged exposure to fluoride in vitro. J Dent Res 1986;65(3):387–389. DOI: 10.1177/00220345860650030201.
Dijkman AG, Tak J, et al. Influence of HClO4 strength and Etching time on rate of etching and surface roughness of human enamel. Cries Res 1983;17:14–22. DOI: 10.1159/000260644.
Jetpurwala A, Damle SG. Study to evaluate the remineralization ability of casein phosphopeptide – amorphous calcium phosphate on artificial caries like lesion using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis – an in situ study, MDS Thesis, Bombay University; 2008.
Garcia-Godoy F, Hicks MJ, et al. Acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment and formation of caries-like lesions in enamel: effect of application time. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1995;19(2):105–110.
Delbem AC, Cury JA. Effect of application time of APF and NaF gels on microhardness and fluoride uptake of in vitro enamel caries. Am J Dent 2002;15(3):169–172.
Ohoi T, Morioka T. A possible mechanism of acquired acid resistance of human dental enamel by laser irradiation. Caries Res 1990;24: 86–92. DOI: 10.1159/000261245.
Tagomori S, Morioka T. Combined effects of laser and fluoride on acid resistance of human dental enamel. Caries Res 1989;23(4): 225–231. DOI: 10.1159/000261182.
Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ, et al. Argon laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment in caries-like lesion formation in enamel: an in vitro study. Pediatr Dent 1995;17(1):31–35.
Sterns RI, Berndt AF. Reaction of acidulated phosphate fluoride solutions with human apatite. J Dent Res 1973;52(6):1253–1260. DOI: 10.1177/00220345730520061601.