The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Related articles

VOLUME 22 , ISSUE 10 ( October, 2021 ) > List of Articles

Original Article

Can Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Olive or Black Mulberry Substitute Sodium Hypochlorite as a Root Canal Irrigant? An In Vitro Study

Radwa Osama Ibrahim, Rania Ahmed Salama, Abdelhady Mohamed Amin

Keywords : Endodontic irrigant, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal extracts, Microbiology, Microhardness

Citation Information : Ibrahim RO, Salama RA, Amin AM. Can Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Olive or Black Mulberry Substitute Sodium Hypochlorite as a Root Canal Irrigant? An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021; 22 (10):1123-1129.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3205

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 07-02-2022

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2021; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate Olea europaea (olive) leaves and Morus nigra (black mulberry) leaves as potential natural alternatives to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) endodontic irrigant. Their antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and their effects on both root dentin microhardness and push-out bond strength of resin sealer/root dentin were assessed. Methodology: Fifty-four extracted teeth were selected. Samples were grouped according to the irrigant used: group I (control): 2.5% NaOCl, group II: 8% ethanolic extract of Olea europaea, and group III: 2% ethanolic extract of Morus nigra. Antibacterial activity (n = 6) was evaluated after each canal was autoclaved, inoculated with E. faecalis, and incubated. Canals were sampled before and after chemicomechanical canal preparation with 2 mL of irrigant. The colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted at 1/10 and 1/100 broth concentrations. Vickers hardness number (VHN) of root dentin (n = 6) was measured before and after root canal preparation and irrigation. Push-out bond strength testing (n = 9) was carried out following preparation, irrigation, obturation, and thermocycling. Results were considered statistically significant at p ≤0.05. Results: Following irrigation, the CFUs of E. faecalis were significantly reduced with no significant difference in the CFU count between all groups at both broth concentrations. A significant reduction in root dentin microhardness resulted in all groups following irrigation, with Morus nigra resulting in the lowest percentage reduction (26.42 ± 1.12). The lowest significant mean push-out bond strength was revealed in the Olea europaea group (3.372 ± 1.513 MPa). Conclusion: The use of 2% mulberry (Morus nigra) leaf extract and 8% olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract as alternatives to NaOCl provides promising antimicrobial action against E. faecalis. Clinical significance: 2% Morus nigra extract may represent a promising natural endodontic irrigant.


HTML PDF Share
  1. Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle's Endodontics 6. 6th ed. Ingle's Endodontic 6; 2008. p. 992–1018.
  2. Clarkson RM, Moule AJ. Sodium hypochlorite and its use as an endodontic irrigant. Aust Dent J 1998;43(4):250–256. DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1998.tb00173.x.
  3. Rôças IN, Siqueira JFJ, Santos KRN. Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular. J Endod 2004;30(19): 315–320. DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200405000-00004.
  4. Narayanan LL, Vaishnavi C. Endodontic microbiology. J Conserv Dent 2010;13(4):233–239. DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.73386.
  5. Mohammadi Z, Yazd I. Sodium hypochlorite in endodontics: an update review. Int Dent J 2008;58:329–341. DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2008.tb00354.x.
  6. Violich DR, Chandler NP. The smear layer in endodontics - a review. Int Endod J 2010;43(1):2–15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01627.x.
  7. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod 2006;32(5):389–398. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2005.09.014.
  8. Spencer HR, Ike V, Brennan PA. Review: the use of sodium hypochlorite in endodontics — potential complications and their management. Br Dent J 2007;202(9):555–559. DOI: 10.1038/bdj.2007.374.
  9. Marending M, Luder HU, Brunner TJ, et al. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on human root dentine-mechanical, chemical and structural evaluation. Int Endod J 2007;40(10):786–793. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01287.x.
  10. Saleh AA, Ettman WM. Effect of endodontic irrigation solutions on microhardness of root canal dentine. J Dent 1999;27(1):43–46. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(98)00018-9.
  11. Cecchin D, Farina AP, Barbizam JVB, et al. Effect of endodontic irrigating solutions on the adhesive bond strength to dentin. Rev Odonto Cienc 2011;26(4):341–345. DOI: 10.1590/S1980-65232011000400012.
  12. Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj SV. Role of Medicinal Herbs in Prevention and Treatment. Ann Ayurvedic Med 2012;1(3):95–101. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2.
  13. Garg P, Maccune E, Malik V, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of propolis, Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, triphala, green tea polyphenols and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus fecalis biofilm. Saudi Endod J 2014;4(3):122. DOI: 10.4103/1658-5984.138141.
  14. Sinha DJ, Vasudeva A, Jaiswal N, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree oil), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), 2% chlorhexidine, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. Saudi Endod J 2015;5(3):182–186. DOI: 10.4103/1658-5984.163623.
  15. Atai Z, Sayed MRK, Rezvaninejad R, et al. Advances in bioresearch antimicrobial efficacy of olive leaf extract: a systematic review of in vitro study. Adv Biores 2016;7(6):205–212. DOI: 10.15515/abr.0976-4585.7.6.205212.
  16. Al-Sabawi NA, Al-shakir NM, Kamel JH. The antimicrobial effect of alcoholic extract of olive leaves as a root canal irrigant. Al–Rafidain Dent J 2009;9(1):136–148. DOI:10.33899/rden.2009.9004.
  17. Souza GR, Oliveira-Junior RG, Diniz TC, et al. Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae). Brazilian J Biol 2018;78(2):248–254. DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.05316.
  18. Mazimba O, Majinda RRT, Motlhanka D. Antioxidant and antibacterial constituents from Morus nigra. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2011;5(6):751–754. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP11.260.
  19. Thabti I, Elfalleh W, Tlili N, et al. Phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves and stem bark of morus species. Int J Food Prop 2014;17(4):842–854. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2012.660722.
  20. Lim SH, Choi CI. Pharmacological properties of morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as a promising nutraceutical resource. Nutrients 2019;11(2):1–18. DOI: 10.3390/nu11020437.
  21. Tag HM. Hepatoprotective effect of mulberry (Morus nigra) leaves extract against methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rat. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015;15(1):252. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0744-y.
  22. Bajpai S, Rao AVB, Muthukumaran M, et al. History and active pharmacokinetic principles of mulberry: a review. IOSR J Pharm 2012;2(4):13–16. DOI: 10.9790/3013-24201316.
  23. Lown M, Fuller R, Lightowler H, et al. Mulberry extract to modULate Blood glucosE Responses in noRmoglYcaemic adults (MULBERRY): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):486. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0997-2.
  24. Kubiliene L, Laugaliene V, Pavilonis A, et al. Alternative preparation of propolis extracts: comparison of their composition and biological activities. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015;15(1):156. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0677-5.
  25. Mihai CM, Mărghitaş L Al, Bobiş O, et al. Estimation of flavonoid content in propolis by two different colorimetric methods. Sci Pap Anim Sci Biotechnol 2010;43(1):407–410. DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.2748.
  26. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 1965;16(3):144–158. CODEN: AJEVAC; ISSN: 0002-9254.
  27. Blois M. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 1958;181:1199–1200. DOI: 10.1038/1811199a0.
  28. Vijaykumar S, GunaShekhar M, Himagiri S. In vitro effectiveness of different endodontic irrigants on the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. J Clin Exp Dent 2010;2(4):e169–e172. DOI: 10.4317/jced.2.e169.
  29. Park E, Shen Y, Khakpour M, et al. Apical pressure and extent of irrigant flow beyond the needle tip during positive-pressure irrigation in an in vitro root canal model. J Endod 2013;39(4):511–515. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.004.
  30. Bitter K, Meyer-Lueckel H, Priehn K, et al. Effects of luting agent and thermocycling on bond strengths to root canal dentine. Int Endod J 2006;39(10):809–818. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01155.x.
  31. Naser SH. Push-out bond strength of different root canal obturation materials. J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2013;25:14–20. DOI: 10.12816/0014957.
  32. Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, et al. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am 2010;54(2):291–312. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2009. 12.001.
  33. Gökmen M, Kara R, Akkaya L, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity in olive (Olea Europaea) leaf extract. Am J Microbiol 2014;5(2):37–40. DOI: 10.3844/ajmsp.2014.37.40.
  34. Bavabeedu SS, Mathew VB, Fahad AN, et al. Evaluation of the antibacterial Effect of virgin olive oil on Enterococcus Faecalis: an in vitro study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):1–4. Corpus ID: 53630268.
  35. Afaneh I, Yateem H, Al-Rimawi F. Effect of olive leaves drying on the content of oleuropein. Am J Anal Chem 2015;06(03):246–252. DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2015.63023.
  36. Iwansyah AC, Manh TD, Andriana Y, et al. Effects of various drying methods on selected physical and antioxidant properties of extracts from moringa oliefera leaf waste. Sustain 2020;12(20):1–12. DOI: 10.3390/su12208586.
  37. Gberikon GM, Adeoti II, Aondoackaa AD. Effect of ethanol and aqueous solutions as extraction solvents on phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of fruit and stem bark extracts of tetrapleura tetrapteraon Streptococcus salivarus and Streptococcus mutans. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2015;4(5):404–410.
  38. van Thriel C. Toxicology of solvents (including alcohol). 3rd ed. Reference module in biomedical sciences. Elsevier; Berlin, Germany, 2014. p. 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.00210-5.
  39. Tapani E, Taavitsainen M, Lindros K, et al. Toxicity of ethanol in low concentrations: experimental evaluation in cell culture. Acta Radiol 1996;37(6):923–926. DOI: 10.1177/02841851960373P296.
  40. Karygianni L, Cecere M, Skaltsounis AL, et al. High-level antimicrobial efficacy of representative Mediterranean natural plant extracts against oral microorganisms. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014(839019). DOI: 10.1155/2014/839019.
  41. Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation– literature review and case reports. Int Endod J 2000;33:186–193. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00303.x.
  42. Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Vianna ME, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of several concentrations of sodium hypoclorite and chlorexidine gluconate in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2001;34:424–428. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591. 2001.00410.x.
  43. Razmi H, Bolhari B, Dashti NK, et al. The effect of canal dryness on bond strength of bioceramic and epoxy-resin sealers after irrigation with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine. Iran Endod J 2016;11(2):129–133. DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.02.011.
  44. Yuasa T, Iijima M, Ito S, et al. Effects of long-term storage and thermocycling on bond strength of two self-etching primer adhesive systems. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32(3):285–290. DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjp118.
  45. Konczak I, Zhang W. Anthocyanins—more than nature's colours. J Biomed Biotechnol 2004;5(2004):239–240. DOI: 10.1155/S1110724304407013.
  46. Nagpal R, Singh P, Singh S, et al. Proanthocyanidin: a natural dentin biomodifier in adhesive dentistry. J Restor Dent 2016;4(1):1–6. DOI:10.4103/2321-4619.176013.
  47. Liu Y, Chen M, Yao X, et al. Enhancement in dentin collagen's biological stability after proanthocyanidins treatment in clinically relevant time periods. Dent Mater. 2013;29(4):485–492. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.01.013.
  48. Eyduran SP, Ercisli S, Akin M, et al. Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes. J Appl Bot Food Qual 2015;88(May):134–138. DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2015.088.019.
  49. Fonseca BM da, Pleffken PR, Balducci I, et al. New trends in dentin bonding: treatment with chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, vitamin C and green tea. Brazilian Dent Sci 2013;16(3). DOI:10.14295/bds.2013.v16i3.876.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.