ORIGINAL RESEARCH |
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3215 |
In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Three Different Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Enamel Lesions in Primary Teeth: A Comparative Study
1Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
2College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
3Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KMCT Dental College, Calicut, Kerala, India
4Department of Dental Services, King Khalid Hospital and Prince Sultan Centre for Health Care, Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
6Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding Author: Sameer Punathil, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India, Phone: +91 9526227454, e-mail: sameeralshifa@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Punathil S, Alqhtani MR, Sathydevi P, et al. In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Three Different Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Enamel Lesions in Primary Teeth: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021;22(11):1308–1313.
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of three various remineralizing agents on artificial enamel lesions in deciduous teeth.
Materials and methods: Eighty primary teeth that were implicated for extraction were taken from patients of 4 to 14 years of age. Every specimen was subjected to air drying followed by the creation of 3 × 3 mm window positioned on the central surface of the coronal portion of the tooth to restrict the area of investigation. A digital pH meter was utilized to formulate a demineralizing solution by checking the pH before and following formulation of the solution. A total of 80 specimens (20 in every group) were allocated to three of the following experimental groups and one control group: group I: control, group II: tricalcium phosphate, group III: casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphatefluoride (CPP-ACPF), and group IV: calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP). Specimens in every group were subjected to treatment with the assigned remineralizing substance once in 24 hours for 14 days. Confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) evaluation of the samples was performed to assess the baseline and posttreatment remineralization as well as demineralization.
Results: CPP-ACPF group (110.73 ± 0.11) displayed the greatest mean remineralization depth, in pursuit by the calcium orthophosphate complex (CaSP) group (122.19 ± 0.28), tricalcium phosphate group (126.87 ± 0.15) as well as the control group (158.46 ± 0.07). These differences amid the investigational groups for remineralization were significant. The greatest depth µ area of remineralization was seen in the CPP-ACPF group (50.29 ± 0.06) in pursuit by the CaSP group (36.70 ± 0.17) as well as the tricalcium phosphate group (33.29 ± 0.06). This difference amid the remineralizing agents was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Amid the confines of the limitations of the current research, it may be concluded that the three remineralizing agents studied, exhibited a remineralization capability on the artificially induced lesions in enamel. CPP-ACPF exhibited the greatest remineralization capability in comparison with the CaSP and tricalcium phosphate groups.
Clinical significance: Dental caries is an unalterable course that leads to everlasting loss of dental hard tissues with eventual formation of a cavity. Off late, numerous techniques have centered on applying remineralizing substances to early lesions due to dental caries, aiming at arresting demineralization while encouraging remineralization. Such remineralizing substances form an atmosphere that is superconcentrated with calcium and phosphate, thereby forcing these ions to diffuse into the unoccupied areas, thereby avoiding further loss of minerals.
Keywords: Artificial enamel lesion, Demineralization, Primary teeth, Remineralization.
INTRODUCTION
Presently, dental caries is thought to be a result of repeated demineralizing and remineralizing phases instead of a single-directional demineralizing procedure. In the early stages before frank cavity formation, demineralization occurs due to mineral loss from hard tissues of the teeth. Such incipient lesions can be repaired when there is a reversal of the calcium/phosphate gradient with their diffusion within the tooth instead of toward the outside, a procedure called remineralization.1
Presence of calcium/phosphate in large amounts within saliva serves as the main mineral reservoir within the oral milieu. Calcium/ phosphate as well as hydroxyl ions within saliva plays a pivotal role in the formation of apatite. The remineralizing process begins as the pH of saliva rises above the crucial pH level. Calcium and phosphate binding to enamel with aid of saliva, fluorides, or additional substances lead to restoration of fluoridated hydroxyapatite (HA) in addition to fluorapatite in their crystalline forms.2
Lately, a variety of remineralizing substances have been launched, a majority containing fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ions in diverse types and levels. Applying substances capable of causing remineralization to the dental hard tissues intends to regulate the process of demineralization and remineralization being influenced by the micro-atmosphere of teeth.3
The introduction of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate-fluoride (CPP-ACPF) as a remineralizing substance dates back to 1998. It comprises nanocomplexes of the milk protein casein phosphopeptide (CPP) plus casein phosphopeptide (ACP). As per the hypothesis, it increases remineralization of incipient dental caries by sustaining an atmosphere that is saturated with vital minerals and simultaneously causes hampered colonization of tooth surfaces by caries causing microorganisms.4
Calcium/phosphate in soluble type can be provided by a calcium orthophosphate complex (CaSP) that is a nonhygroscopic and delicately pulverized white material tasting a neutral bland. It is constituted by 11.5% of calcium by dry mass. Utilizing the frequent ion affects, CaSP reduces enamel solubility in an acidic environment and upscales the rate of remineralization.5
A 0.21% w/w sodium fluoride (NaF) anticaries dentifrice, the Clinpro Tooth Crème, contains 950 ppm fluoride along with functionalized tricalcium phosphate (f-TCP). Fluoride coupled with TCP causes enhanced remineralization that equates to surface microhardness as well as fluoride uptake and reduces the quantity of fluoride necessary to attain the identical degree of remineralization (RML).6
The primary teeth enamel is mineralized to a lesser amount as well as displays a superior diffusion coefficient and is hence more vulnerable to acid dissolution in contrast to the enamel of permanent dentition. Chemical demineralization of teeth is caused by acidic attack through two primary means: dietary acid consumed through food or drink/drugs and microbial attack from bacteria present in the mouth. During an acidic attack, or a typical demineralization regime, chemical dissolution of both the organic and inorganic matrix components takes place.7 Early childhood caries affecting the deciduous teeth commonly appears as white spot lesions, necessitating vigorous preventive procedures that are capable of causing remineralization of such areas, indispensable for their resolution.8 Therefore, the current research was performed to appraise the effectiveness of three different remineralizing agents on artificial enamel lesions in deciduous teeth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of Samples
The current in vitro research was performed in the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Kerala. Eighty deciduous molar teeth that were implicated for extraction under local anesthesia were taken from patients of 4 to 14 years of age. Prior to commencement, an informed consent was sought from the parents in writing, and ethical approval was obtained. The inclusion criterion of the study was teeth having ≥1 intact tooth surface, absence of evident dental caries, areas of hypoplasia, stains, or white spot lesions (WSLs). Teeth with developmental defects or any other crown deformities and teeth with major restoration were excluded from the study. Following removal, individual teeth were subjected to cleansing, washing beneath water followed by storing in isotonic saline.
Sample Size Calculation and Sample Preparation
The sample size calculation was done by using the following formula:
where n was the required sample size, z1-a/2 was a constant, its value for a two-sided test was 1.96 for 95%, and d was absolute precision 20% = 0.2. After sample size calculation, 80 sample teeth were chosen for this research in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Each selected tooth was subjected to thorough ultrasonic cleaning followed by polishing with pumice slurry employing a polishing brush/rubber cup. In order to restrict the region of study, following air drying of the specimens, 3 x 3 mm size window region was positioned in the central part of the coronal surface of the tooth. The remaining part was subjected to painting with nail varnish and allowed to dry.
Preparation of Demineralizing Solution
A digital pH meter was utilized to formulate a demineralizing solution by checking the pH before and following the formulation of the solution. The demineralizing solution thus prepared was composed of 2.2 mM calcium chloride, CaCl2.2H2O, 2.2 mM monosodium phosphate, NaH2PO47H2O, 0.05 M lactic acid, and C3H6O3. Finally, the pH was set at 4.5 using 50% sodium hydroxide.9 Every specimen was placed in recently formulated 15 mL of demineralizing solution. Demineralization was performed for a period of 72 hours at a temperature of 37°C in an incubator, following which the postdemineralization scores were documented. The specimens were subjected to thorough rinsing with deionized water and reserved for a washout duration of 24 hours.
Remineralizing Procedure
A total of 80 specimens (20 in every group) were allocated to three of the following experimental groups and one control group.
Group I: Control—Distilled water (Aquarch, Ahmedabad, India)
Group II: Tricalcium phosphate (Clinpro™, Clinpro Tooth Creme, 3M ESPE Dental Products, Ontario, Canada)
Group III: CPP-ACPF (GC Tooth Mousse Plus, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)
Group IV: Calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP) (Toothmin™ paste, Abbott Healthcare, Mumbai, India)
Specimens in every group were subjected to treatment with the assigned remineralizing substance once in 24 hours for 14 days. The substances to be thus tested were constantly applied to the tooth surface inside the window region with the aid of a disposable cotton tip applicator for 3 minutes. Specimens were subsequently subjected to washing with deionized water followed by the placement in artificial saliva (3.90 mM Na3PO4, 4.29 mM NaCl2, 17.98 mM KCl, 1.10 mM CaCl2, 0.08 mM MgCl2, 0.50 mM H2SO4, 3.27 mM NaHCO3, distilled water, and the pH was set at 7.2) that was preserved at a constant temperature. The artificial saliva was replaced every 24 hours, prior to immersing the recently treated specimens.
Evaluation of the Area of Remineralization
Confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) evaluation of the samples was performed to assess the baseline and posttreatment remineralization as well as demineralization. Sectioning of the teeth was done using hard tissue microtome to obtain specimens that were 150-200 microns thick. The specimens belonging to the experimental as well as control groups were subjected to storage in Rhodamine B dye [0.1 mM of Rhodamine B solution was prepared by adding 23.95 mg of Rhodamine B dye to 500 mL of distilled water] for an hour. Rhodamine B solution infiltrates within the demineralized tooth area without penetrating intact tooth tissues.
The sections thus stained were fixed and mounted on a frosted glass slide with 80% glycerol mountant. Using 10× intent, argon laser at 50% power was formed using a 488 nm excitation wavelength. Confocal slits were placed at 25 µm using the 515 nm long-pass filter. The areas planoparallel to the specimens prepared surface were scanned.
The intact enamel (Untreated Specimen) looked pitch black close to 0 fluorescence (grayscale value of approx. 0). The lesions thus stimulated in the demineralized specimens showed estimated autofluorescence. Nevertheless, because of the absorption of the Rhodamine dye (0.1 mM), the permeable area of demineralization looked to have substantial contrast (higher gray values). Specimens that displayed reduced fluorescence (smaller gray values indicating reduced porous areas in addition to the dispersion of dye/additional mineral) had remineralized. Images thus taken were subjected to calibration for linear depth of fluorescence plus average/complete lesional fluorescence employing software. The values thus obtained were documented in tabular form (Figs 1 to 4).
Fig. 1: Image of demineralized areas of sectioned tooth
Fig. 2: Image of remineralized area with tricalcium phosphate remineralizing agent
Fig. 3: Image of remineralized area with CPP-ACPF remineralizing agent
Fig. 4: Image of remineralized area with CaSP remineralizing agent
Statistical Analysis
The mean and standard deviation were calculated using SPSS software (version 20.0). Comparison amid the different groups of remineralizing substances was performed with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at a p value <0.05.
RESULTS
The mean demineralization depth prior to applying the remineralizing agents belonging to the investigational groups is depicted in Table 1. 161.23 ± 0.14 was the mean depth of demineralization in the control group; 160.16 ± 0.09 was for the tricalcium phosphate group, 161.02 ± 0.17 for CPP-ACPF as well as 158.89 ± 0.11 for the CaSP group. These differences amid the investigational groups were not significant.
| Study groups | n | Mean ± SD (µ) | F value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group I: Control | 20 | 161.23 ± 0.14 | ||
| Group II: Tricalcium phosphate | 20 | 160.16 ± 0.09 | 29.214 | 0.596 |
| Group III: CPP-ACPF | 20 | 161.02 ± 0.17 | ||
| Group IV: CaSP | 20 | 158.89 ± 0.11 |
The mean remineralization depth after applying the remineralizing agents belonging to the investigational groups is portrayed in Table 2. CPP-ACPF group (110.73 ± 0.11) displayed the greatest mean remineralization depth, in pursuit by the CaSP group (122.19 ± 0.28), tricalcium phosphate group (126.87 ± 0.15) as well as the control group (158.46 ± 0.07). These differences amid the investigational groups for remineralization were significant.
| Study groups | n | Mean ± SD (µ) | F value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group I: Control | 20 | 158.46 ± 0.07 | ||
| Group II: Tricalcium phosphate | 20 | 126.87 ± 0.15 | 26.181 | 0.001 |
| Group III: CPP-ACPF | 20 | 110.73 ± 0.11 | ||
| Group IV: CaSP | 20 | 122.19 ± 0.28 |
The greatest depth (µ) area of remineralization was seen in the CPP-ACPF group (50.29 ± 0.06) in pursuit by the CaSP group (36.70 ± 0.17) as well as the tricalcium phosphate group (33.29 ± 0.06). This difference amid the remineralizing substances was statistically significant as depicted in Table 3.
| Study groups | Depth (µ) area before the application of remineralizing agents | Depth (µ) area after the application of remineralizing agents | Depth (µ) area of difference after remineralization | F value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group I: Control | 161.23 ± 0.14 | 158.46 ± 0.07 | 2.77 ± 0.07 | ||
| Group II: Tricalcium phosphate | 160.16 ± 0.09 | 126.87 ± 0.15 | 33.29 ± 0.06 | 4.314 | 0.001 |
| Group III: CPP-ACPF | 161.02 ± 0.17 | 110.73 ± 0.11 | 50.29 ± 0.06 | ||
| Group IV: CaSP | 158.89 ± 0.11 | 122.19 ± 0.28 | 36.70 ± 0.17 |
Table 4 shows the assessment of the mean depth of remineralization on the whole, among the investigational groups. With the exception of tricalcium phosphate group plus the CaSP group, a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) was present in every group.
| Study groups | Comparison with | Mean difference (I-J) | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Tricalcium phosphate | 31.59 | 0.001 |
| CPP-ACPF | 47.73 | 0.001 | |
| Calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP) | 36.27 | 0.001 | |
| Tricalcium phosphate | Control | −31.59 | 0.001 |
| CPP-ACPF | 16.14 | 0.001 | |
| Calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP) | 4.68 | 0.082 | |
| CPP-ACPF | Control | −47.73 | 0.001 |
| Tricalcium phosphate | −16.14 | 0.001 | |
| Calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP) | −11.46 | 0.001 | |
| CaSP | Control | −36.27 | 0.001 |
| Tricalcium phosphate | −4.68 | 0.082 | |
| CPP-ACPF | 11.46 | 0.001 |
DISCUSSION
Striking equilibrium between the process of demineralization and remineralization is the main factor that helps prevent dental caries. Traditionally, the basis of conservative management for dental caries concerned caries removal followed by restoration. Nevertheless, after several years of investigation, the key emphasis in efficient treatment of dental caries is the timely identification of lesions followed by the utilization of noninvasive procedures. An effort to attain this reversed stage has been triumphantly made by means of dentifrices. The noninvasive management of initial lesions caused by dental caries through remineralization has important benefits in clinical therapy, and remineralization eliminates the usual breach flanked by preventive and other interventional techniques like surgery. Fundamental to this visualization is the capacity to identify carious lesions in a timely manner and properly measure the amount of mineral loss, making sure that the right therapy is started.10
Acid-producing microorganisms release organic acids that penetrate within enamel as well as the organic matrix of dentin into the tissues beneath. As the acids reach vulnerable sites on the crystalline surface, the dissolution of minerals occurs into an adjacent aqueous atmosphere. Enamel demineralizes at the crucial pH of around 5.5. In case the calcium/phosphate quantities are subjected to restoration at superconcentrated levels, the minerals infiltrate inside the teeth, depositing a novel layer that resists acidic attacks on crystalline remnants in lesions that are not cavitated.11 The enamel layer on the outmost surface has been documented to exhibit the greatest resistance to dissolution. Two hypotheses that have been put forth regarding the production of the highly mineralized surface layer on the early lesions include: fluoride being deposited along with other salivary ions and the flow of minerals/ ions toward the outside from the surface below the lesion into the more superficial layers.12
The primary teeth enamel is mineralized to a lesser amount as well as displays a superior diffusion coefficient and is hence more vulnerable to acid dissolution in contrast to the enamel of permanent dentition. Early childhood caries that affects the primary dentition frequently manifests as white spot lesions, and aggressive preventive therapy for remineralization of these lesions is essential for their reversal.8 In the current research, the CPP-ACPF group exhibited the greatest remineralization capacity in comparison with CaSP and tricalcium phosphate groups. These results are in accordance with the research by Thimmaiah et al.10 which documents that CPP-ACPF enhances noteworthy remineralization of early lesions of dental caries. Likewise, other research by Elsayad et al.13 as well as Rathi et al.14 shows that CPP- ACPF enhances anticaries activity with the advantage of releasing calcium/phosphate in the neighboring atmosphere at the time of acidic confrontation. These are outstanding liberation vehicles accessible for slow discharging amorphous forms to accumulate calcium, phosphate as well as fluoride on the surface of the teeth. Nanohydroxyapatite possesses the capability of remineralization of the tooth structure. In addition to being hydrophilic, it presents a larger surface area as compared to the conservative hydroxyapatite crystals. Therefore, they discern superior wet ability leading to the formation of a thin though tough layer on the surface of enamel that binds to the tooth surface.
Certain research found superior ability of remineralization exhibited by the CaSP group as compared to the CPP-ACPF group. Menon et al.15 arrived at a conclusion that salivary concentration of calcium undergoes a noteworthy enhancement with CaSP leading to greater calcium accumulation on the teeth. Added to this, CaSP decreases depositing of plaque on the surface of teeth. Kaur et al.16 assessed the remineralization capability of dissimilar substances, and it was documented that there were no significant differences in the remineralizing capacity of CPP-ACPF and CaSP. Mildly enhanced remineralization rate was exhibited by CaSP vs CPP-ACPF.
In the current research, lowest ability to remineralize was seen in tricalcium phosphate group vs the other investigational groups. These results are in harmony with the results of Ebaa Alagha and Amira Mohammad Samy17 who found that the most excellent remineralization capacity was shown by CPP-ACP group (2.67) in contrast to tricalcium phosphate group (2.07). The investigated groups showed significant differences (p = 0.019). Kamath et al.8 conducted a research on early dental caries lesions and assessed the efficiency of dissimilar remineralizing agents such as tricalcium phosphate TCP, CPP-ACFP, as well as nanohydroxyapatite. They found that all the studied substances had remineralizing effects. TCP had shown supreme remineralization potential owing to more quantities of calcium/phosphorus ions along with fluoride ions within the saliva, thus rendering it an apt remineralizing agent that enhances remineralization of the incipient dental caries.
The limitations of this research arise from the period of study that is 14 days to assess remineralization. Within this tenure, artificially induced lesions did not undergo complete remineralization, and hence, this period of applying remineralizing substances in this research may not be applicable for complete remineralization. Also, the procedure of remineralization in vitro is not alike in vivo within the mouth. Continuing clinical trials are essential to institute the effectiveness of remineralizing substances in remineralization of WSLs in deciduous dentition within in vivo circumstances.
CONCLUSION
Within the limitation, the present study concluded that all three remineralizing agents showed remineralization potential on artificial enamel lesions. But CPP-ACPF group showed the superior remineralization potential compared to CaSP and tricalcium phosphate.
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