REVIEW ARTICLE |
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3196 |
Socket-shield Technique: A Systematic (Scoping) Review of Case Series and Case Reports
1,6,7Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
2Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
3Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
4KFSHD, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
5Armed Forces Hospitals, Southern Region, Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia
8College of Dentistry, Ibn al-Nafis University, Sanaa, Yemen
Corresponding Author: Mohammed M Al-Moaleem, Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; College of Dentistry, Ibn al-Nafis University, Sanaa, Yemen, e-mail: drmoaleem2014@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Al-Sanabani FA, Abidi NH, Al-Ahmari MM, et al. Socket-sheild Technique: A Systematic (Scoping) Review of Case Series and Case Reports. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021;22(11):1314–1326.
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None
ABSTRACT
Aim: The present study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the socket-shield technique (SST) and immediate implant placement (IIP) as the treatment of choice for the stabilization of soft and hard tissues at the extraction site and correlate with patient-related and implant-related factors.
Methodology: An electronic search was performed on Cochrane, EBSCO host, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Wiley Library, Google website search, and Web of Science databases from January 2010 to September 2021. The search terms used were “socket-shield technique,” “modified SST,” “root membrane technique,” “pontic shield technique,” and “immediate implant.” Case report and case series, both retrospective and prospective in nature, where SST procedures were done with IIP after tooth extraction were considered for the study. However, clinical trials on animals and studies with less than 3-month follow-up after implant placement were not considered for the study. The studies were collected, analyzed, and tabulated for further analysis to evaluate the aim and objectives of the study.
Results: Preliminary search identified through databases resulted in 350 articles, which on further screening led to exclusion of 299 articles based on the selection criteria. Therefore, 51 articles were considered for the final analysis which comprised 11 case studies and 40 case reports. With a wide age-group, the maxillary anterior region was the site of choice for the SST with IIP when compared to the posterior region. Better adaptability, maintenance of ridge contour, and good success rate followed by limited complications were observed among case series and reports.
Conclusion: SST was successful in providing stability, esthetics, with lesser marginal bone loss and higher pink esthetic scores. However, well-designed prospective case series are few in number; thereby insufficient data on its reliability and longtime stability limit its application.
Clinical significance: SST provides a promising result and better esthetic outcome with minimal requirement of soft tissue grafts, thereby increasing its popularity and its application. However, further studies with a larger sample size and effective clinical research designs with a follow-up period are a requirement to establish the procedure and its reliability.
Keywords: Esthetic, Bone preservation, Bone regeneration, Dental implants, Immediate implant, Socket-shield technique.
INTRODUCTION
Tooth loss due to extraction or trauma results in the absence of a periodontal ligament which is associated with variable but inevitable time-dependent bone resorption. The literature documents dramatic resorption of the buccal cortical plate when compared to the lingual plate.1,2 Alternation of ridge contour leads to compromised ideal positioning of the implant; hence, the support and stability of the surrounding soft and hard tissues may be altered, thereby affecting the esthetic outcome.3,4
Preservation of a thin buccal cortical plate in a freshly extracted socket has been a topic of debate. Different methods were introduced to intercept the challenge. Immediate implant placement (IIP) postextraction5,6 has been an appealing method with added advantages of preservation of tissue contour and dimension, limiting the number of surgical procedures, thereby reducing the treatment time.7 Other methods include bone substitute materials and/or barrier membranes. The amount of ridge maintained by this procedure is still questionable.8–10 Complete preservation and/or entire regeneration of the extraction socket have not yet been documented.11,12 Anatomical differences between the thin buccal and lingual bones and the physiologic presence of osteoclasts within the extraction socket all favor pronounced buccal wall resorption.3,13
Socket-shield technique (SST), a clinical technique, introduced by Hurzeler et al.,11 demonstrated the establishment of cementum on the implant surface when positioned in contact with intentionally retained roots.4,11,14–16 It was observed that on the preservation of the coronal one-third of the buccal root followed by IIP palatal to the root fragment, the former functioned like a shield, prevented the buccal bone resorption, enhanced tissue contour, and increased the esthetic outcomes.3,17,18 This technique underwent modifications, such as modified SST10,19–21 for root membrane technique,22 and for proximal and interproximal SST,23 to achieve better success and overcome a few limitations of SST.
Though implant positioning, insertion, and cementation of the final restoration is a challenge in the maxillary anterior esthetic zone,24–31 however, with the advancement in implant materials, designs, equipment, and placement protocol, the outcomes have improved gradually.30,32–34 Also, the periimplant soft tissue conservation, providing an appropriate emergence profile to the implant suprastructure restoration, and the tissue grafting process all are equally important to overcome the ridge contour changes after extraction.35–38
These implant technique advancements and modifications of SST made it popular for its widespread use among clinicians for restoration irrespective of the arch.39–46 However, owing to the scarcity of the literature documentation on SST, little is known about the survival or/and success rates, complications, and failures associated with it.35,36,38,43,46,47 Therefore, the present systematic review was carried out to summarize the effectiveness of the SST as a treatment of choice for the stabilization of the soft and hard tissues in the extraction site. Further, the study is also aimed to assess whether there is any association between patient gender, age, arch, region, and position of the IIP with SST. Lastly, other parameters that are aimed to assess are the influence of cause of extraction, length and diameter of the implant, complications, and suprastructure prostheses type, with the technique.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
The present review was designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines,48 with some modifications specified by recently published systematic reviews.49,50 An electronic search was performed on Cochrane, EBSCO host, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Wiley Library, Google website search, and Web of Science databases from January 2010 to September 2021. The search terms were “socket-shield technique,” “modified SST,” “root membrane technique,” “pontic shield technique,” and “immediate implant.”
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Case report and case series, both retrospective and prospective in nature, where SST procedures with IIP were done after tooth extraction were included in the study. Clinical studies on animals and studies with less than 3-month follow-up after implant placement were excluded.
Search Method, Screening, and Data Extraction
Two reviewers (MMA and FAA) evaluated the title, abstract, and available text of articles and assessed for relevance, eligibility, and data extraction. On application of the selection criteria, the title and abstracts of shortlisted articles were screened individually. Full texts of the related articles were reviewed for additional evaluation. The extracted data from the selected studies were as follows: author(s) name, publication year and country; age, gender, position, and site of implant placement w.r.t. cases; loading protocol and the main outcome of the studies; complications, survival rate, follow-up period, and type of final prostheses (Table 1) of the case series and (Table 2) the case reports. Implant osseointegration, shield exposure, shield infection, shield migration, soft tissue contour, and the radiologic outcome for buccal and/or crestal bone loss were also assessed.
| Researcher(s)/year/country | Age/gender/arch/region | Medical history/smoker | Classification/type of loading | Cause of extraction/diameter and length of implant/insertion torque/ | Treatment outcome/soft tissue results and PES/MBL | Survival rate/restoration type/follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nguyen et al./2020 | 72-year/female/max/anteriors #21 and 22 | Fit/ | Buccal only class I/immediate—graft placed | Failure RCT (horizontal) 3.5 × 13 mm | SST preserves not only marginal BB but also interimplant papilla No changes in soft tissue dimensions. MBL 0.1 ± 0.2 mm |
100%/SRCC/72 months |
| 87-year/male/max/anteriors #22 | Previous trauma (vertical) 3 × 15 mm | Hard and soft tissues appear very stable | 100%/SRCC/60 months | |||
| 62-year/female/max/anteriors #21 | Failure of RCT (horizontal) 3.5 × 13 mm/35 N/cm2 | Well-preserved hard and soft tissue profiles observed | 100%/SRCC/24 months | |||
| Germi et al./2020 | 8-males/10-females/max/anterior #13(2); 12(2); 11(4); 214); 22(2); 23(1) posterior #24 (3) | Fit/nonsmokers | IIR—graft placed | NM/35 N cm2 | IIRT patient selection → optimum esthetic results PES/6 months (8–10)/9.44 ± 0.783SD* PES at 12 months (6–10)/8.56 ± 0.1.003SD*↓↓↓↓ Central incisors gained complete scores for PES. |
100% 6, 12 months |
| Mathew et al./2020 | 25–60 years/max centrals (5) max/laterals (5) five cases; SST and five cases; CIIP | Fit/nonsmokers | (Buccal bone only) Immediate—graft placed (socket wall intact) | NM | SST prevents soft, natural, hard tissue changes, resorption, and more esthetically pleasing, good results obtained. PES score 12.2*Sig MBL or resorption 0.68 mm CIIP PES score 10.8 MBL or resorption 0.88 mm*$ H Sgn |
100% PFM crown 3, 6, 12 months |
| Habashneh et al./2019 | 20–54 years/anterior #11 | Fit /nonsmoker | Buccal only/class I | Failure → RCT horizontal type | SST and IIP improved buccal contour stability/better esthetic outcomes can be achieved | 100% SR-PFMCs/12 months |
| Posterior #15 | Buccal only/class I | Horizontal fractured | SST with IIP is a minimally invasive approach that can preserve hard and soft tissues and the contour of the ridge can be implemented in areas of high esthetic demands for better esthetic outcomes. | |||
| Anterior #21 | Buccal only/class I | Horizontal fractured | ||||
| Posterior #14 | Buccal and palatal | Complex fractured | ||||
| Anterior #22 | Buccal only/class I | Horizontal fractured 3.5–4.2 mm × 13–16 mm | ||||
| Zhu et al./2018 | 26–66 years/max nine patients/10 implants/anteriors | Fit/nonsmokers | Immediate—No graft | NM | SST provides good esthetic outcomes in max anterior PES 13.5 Mesiobuccal BL 0.17 and Distobuccal 0.22 mm |
100% 32 months |
| Mitsias et al./ | 68 year/male/max anterior #12 | Fit | Delayed | Bone–implant contact (76.2%) | Root membrane technique (RMT) and IIP effective in preventing BBP resorption of anterior maxilla Human histologic evidence RMT preserves BBP → clinical use to maintain hard and soft tissues over time and optimize esthetic results. 4 mm PDAI |
100% 60 months |
| Baumer et al./2017 | Over 25 years/five males and and five females/anterior #11 (2) | Fit/nonsmoker | NM | Failure of RCT and (horizontal) | SST good implants in esthetic zone ↔ second premolar | 100% CCs/(51–63) 58 months |
| Anterior #12 (2) | Carious teeth and failure of RCT (horizontal) | SST ↓ invasiveness at surgery time, high esthetic with effective preservation of facial tissue contour. PES positive results in all cases (mean 12) BBL—37.0 mm (16.0–66.0), facial-mid average-33.0 mm, loss recession mesial 33.0 mm, bone marginal 17.0 mm distal. Volumetric and contour analysis, low changes in extraction and IIP follow-ups. Mucosal recession at implant was comparable to neighboring teeth. |
||||
| Anterior #21 (2) | Carious teeth and failure of RCT (horizontal) | |||||
| Posterior #14 (1) | Fit /Smoker | Failure of RCT (horizontal) | ||||
| Posterior #24 (2) Posterior #25 (1) |
Carious teeth and failure of RCT (horizontal) Failure of RCT (horizontal) |
|||||
| Gluckman et al./2016b | Patients 10 Implants 14 Anterior maxilla |
NM | Immediate—xenograft | NM | Tissue volume preserved One patient had complications/all three socket-shields exposed due to the failure of soft tissue closure. One socket-shield exposure |
90% 12–18 months |
| Lagas et al./2015 | 16 patients—CIIP (10 patients), Delayed IP (6 patients) | Fit/nonsmokers | Immediate—no graft Delayed—no graft |
NM | Good treatments results One shield failed due to infection One case showed deficiency of alveolar ridge |
88.0% 6–30 months |
| Glocker et al./2014/Switzerland Modified SST | 60 years/female/anterior #13 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal only/class I Delayed 6 months with bone graft |
Failure of RCT and PFM bridge (horizontal) | MSST → prevents alveolar ridge resorption and is cost-effective and minimally invasive. MSST avoids bundle bone resorption |
100% CCs 6 months |
| 28 years/female/anterior #11 | Fit/smoker | Failure of RCT (horizontal) and chromatic aberration | ||||
| 28-years/female/anterior #22 | Orthodontic trauma → necrosis → RCT → failure (horizontal), and chromatic aberration | |||||
| Troiano et al./2014/Root-T-Belt Technique Case S/series | Max incisors (4) | Fit/nonsmokers | Immediate—graft placed | Failure of RCT (horizontal) 13 × 3.75 mm × 32 N cm | No implant immobility, peri-implant radiolucency/infection, pain, no paresthesia in the treated area | 100% SCRCs/1–72 months |
| Max canines (3) | Failure of RCT (horizontal) 16 × 3.75 mm × 32 N cm2 | Root-T-Belt T conserving dental, predictable bone structure, preservation of peri-implant gingiva, more Mean CBL (1.3 ± 0.2 mm) Not more than 1.5 mm |
||||
| Mand canines (3) | Failure of RCT (horizontal) 13 × 3.75 mm × 32 N cm |
| Researcher(s)/year/country | Age/gender/arch/region/tooth# | Medical history/smoker | Classification/type of loading | Extraction cause/implant diameter and length/insertion torque | Treatment outcome/complications | Survival rate/restoration type/follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oliveira et al./2021/Brazil | 45 years/female/max/posterior left #15 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—graft placed | Carious tooth (horizontal)/3.75 × 10.0 | SST maintains alveolar bone preservation and contour tissue that facilitates 3D implant positioning Low cost with good esthetic outcomes |
100% SR-PFM/3 months |
| Alone and Niswade/2021/India | 35 years/male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—no graft | Carious tooth (complex)/4 × 13 mm | SST shows promising results with respect to soft and hard tissue preservation in the cases of postextraction immediate implant | 100% PFM crown/3 months |
| Srivastava et al./2021/India | 21 years/female/max/anterior #21 and 22 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/delayed—xenograft | Grossly decayed teeth (vertical) | SST with IIP in the esthetic zone provides promising treatment in preserving both soft and hard tissues | 100% PFM crown/3 months |
| Zuhr et al./2020/Germany | 60 years/male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—graft placed | Failure of RCT (vertical) | Shield around the buccal aspect of the implant was mobile where an 8-mm probing depth could be detected. Implant incisal edge was lower compared to the adjacent tooth, suggesting continuing growth of the neighboring tooth | 0.00% CC 60 months |
| Alshammari et al./2020/Saudi Arabia | 38 years/female/max/anterior #12 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate-no graft | Failure of RCT (horizontal) 3.5 × 13 mm | SST prevents soft and hard tissue changes happening during alveolar socket healing after extraction. Pink esthetic score was 12. |
100% SR restorations 36 months |
| Ganz et al./ 2020/USA | 28 year/male/max/anterior #21 and 22 posterior right #25 | Fit/ nonsmoker | C-shape class III Immediate—graft placed | Failure of RCT (horizontal) 4.5 × 13.0 mm/45 N cm 80 ISQ | PET, RM concept, and SST are proven to preserve bundle bone and tissue volume with and without IIP; yet, this minimally invasive treatment modality is highly technique-sensitive | 100% 6 months |
| Polis-Yanes et al./2020/Spain | 50 year/male/max/anterior #11 and 21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—no graft | Horizontal fractured after RCT and crowning/3.5 mm–3.8 × 12 mm/30 N/cm | Pontic shield techniques and SST procedures that should be considered in oral rehabilitation in selected cases | 100% CC/cantilever bridge |
| Dash et al./2020/India | 40 years/male/max/anterior #21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/delayed—bone graft | Gross carious/failure of RCT (combined)/3.8mm × 13mm/20 N cm | SST shows promising results in esthetic dentistry and maintaining diastema | 100% PFM crown/6 months |
| Goel et al./2020/India | 23 year/male/max/ anterior #21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—no-graft | Traumatic accident (vertical)/4.5 mm × 12 mm | SST and root submergence allows restoration of normal form and attachment complex by preventing bone resorption in the esthetic zone | 100% — |
| Patel et al./2019/India | Male/max/anteriors #11, 12, 13 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/immediate—no graft | RCT → grossly carious (horizontal) | SST along with the provision of smoothsurfaced DIs, stabilized with cortical engagement, replacement of missing maxillary anterior teeth. Patient reported satisfied esthetic outcomes | 100% PFM crown/12 months |
| Arabbi et al./2019/India | 28 year/male/max/anterior #11 and 21 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/immediate —graft placed | Fractures of crowns (horizontal) | SST with IIP is the technique of choice in esthetic area → resulted in excellent esthetic appearance | 100% CC/6 months |
| Schwimer et al./2019/South Africa | Male/max/posterior right #27 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/delayed—xenograft | Fractures of crowns (horizontal) | SST preserves tooth structure, maintaining ridge implant sites and alveolar ridge anterior and posterior (MOLAR) at the IIP site | 100% SR restoration 4 months |
| Kumar and Kher/2018/India | Adult/female/max/anterior # 11 | Fit/— | Buccofacial 1/2 root class II/immediate—no graft | Buccal and palatal parts (horizontal) 3.8 mm × 15 mm |
Preservation of hard and soft tissues, both horizontally and vertically | 100%/E-Max CC/3, 6, 12 months |
| Verma et al./2018/India | 27 years/male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/immediate—no graft | NM | SST valuables, minimize buccal contour after extraction. Also, healthy peri-implant soft tissue and ridge preserved | 100% CC 12 months |
| Guo et al./2018/China | 28 years/female/max/ anteriors # 21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/delayed—PRF | In proper post and core → (complex) 3.3 × 12 mm | SST with PRF, IIP may be effective for preservation and maintenance of stable peri-implant tissue | 100% CC/18 months |
| Mattar/2018/Egypt | 25-years/male/max/anteriors #12 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/delayed—no graft | Grossly decayed 21 (horizontal) and PFM crown of 11 | SST and IIP provide solution to prevent the collapse of thin buccal bone → excellent esthetic outcomes. Inflammations in socket, change of insertion |
100% CC/18 months |
| Esteve-Pardo and Esteve-Colomina/2018/Spain | 76 years/male/max/anteriors #12 and 22 | Fit/smoker | Buccal class I/immediate—no graft | Roots subginigivally and peripherally decayed (horizontal) | SST and IIP → successful esthetic restoration and maintains tissue volume in esthetic area Two implants supported six max anterior teeth with cantilever on both canines* | 100%/SR ceramic cantilever bridge/5–6 months |
| Fonseca/2018/Portugal | 65 year/female/max/anterior #11 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—graft-placed | Heavily restored and failing (horizontal) 4.5 mm × 12 mm/45 N cm |
Proper case selection, planning → esthetically challenging scenarios Positive esthetic results—↑PES and WESs (≥12) | 100% CSRC/24 months |
| Schwimer et al./2018/USA | 45 years/female/max/posterior right #24 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—no graft | Failure of implant (peri-implantitis) | SST and IIP with provisionalization → Bone occupy space ↔ implant surface and SS as osseointegration outcome. ↑probing depth and crestal bone loss First human histological evidence that bone occupies space ↔ implant surface and socket |
0.00% CC/24 months |
| Aslan/2018/Turkey | 32 years/male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate-demineralized bovine bone | Incomplete RCT (horizontal)/3.9, 11.5 NN/15/DN/35 N cm/ | MSST and IIP maintain natural emergence profile, improved volume, contour stability obtained by retaining the shield in IIP Thin buccal bone (0.39 mm) after 1 year | 100% E-Max CC/12 months |
| Gluckman et al./2018/South Africa | 43 years/male/max/anterior #21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal and palatal class IV/immediate—graft placed | Heavily restored post and core for RCT, resorption (complex) 4 × 13 mm |
SST in conjunction with IIP and provisionalization positively supported the facial ridge of the implant | 100% CC/12 months |
| Dayakar et al./2018/India | 40 years/male/max/anterior #22 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/delayed—graft placed | Carious tooth (horizontal) | SST with IIP is a good alternative to preserve BCP in esthetic area and healthy peri-implant tissue | 100% CC/3 months |
| Nevins et al./2018/Canda | First molars Case 1: bio-oss | Fit/non-smoker | NM | Case 1: Advanced peri- implantitis, RF attached to mesial aspect evident | Case 1: Human histology revealed implant in bone contact consistent with osteointegration, graft biomaterial in close proximity to fixture, direct implant contact to cementum of retained root surface, no sign of periodontal ligament | NM |
| Case 2: DFDBA | Case 2: loss of integration | Bone ↔ implant surface and root fragment late implant failure might → to unintentionally remaining RFs | ||||
| Buser et al./2017/Australia | 44 years/female/max/anterior #11 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/immediate—graft placed | Trauma → subluxation → RCT → external resorption and failure of RCT/4 × 14 mm/more than 25/20 N cm | Marginal tissues and level of mid-facial mucosa were healthy, shallow probing pockets and absence of bleeding after gentle probing | 100% ZSRC/12 months |
| Huang et al./2017/China | 52 years/female/max/anterior #11 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/modified SST/immediate—no graft | Posttrauma pain and (horizontal) fracture line in the cervical area | PES score of 12/or more was defined as perfect. In this case, PES score was 13. RMT, human histologic good after 5 years of function |
100% CC/6 months |
| Durrani et al./ 2017/India | 22 years/male/max/anterior #21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—bovine bone graft | Carious tooth (horizontal)/3.4 × 13 mm | SST and PDL-mediated RMT may be the future of esthetics with hard and soft tissue volume maintenance | 100% E-Max CC/24 months |
| Al-Dary and Alsayed/2017/Kuwait | 40 years/female/max/anterior #11 and 21 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I Immediate/No-graft | Esthetic for max four incisors Horizontal fractured under crowns 3.2 × 12 mm |
Replace two splinted PFM prosthesis covering max central incisors | 100% ZCs/5 months |
| Mitsias et al./2017/Greece | 63 years/male/max/anteriors # 12 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/immediate no-graft | Trauma (horizontal) 3.5 × 11.5 mm |
Histological. RMT prevents BBP resorption of anterior maxilla → maintains both tissues and optimizes esthetic results | 100% CC/60 months |
| Roe et al./2017/USA | 56 years/male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/nonsmoker | C-shape class III/immediate—no graft | Failure of RCT 3.5 × 13 mm |
Clinical. Stable peri-implant architecture, no inflammation Radiographic. Stable proximal bone levels, along with no pathology ↔ FRF and implant surface SST and IIP excellently maintain osseous–gingival architecture Facial window approach improves access to the residual root Clinician manages longer roots by ↓ implant-root-contact |
100% SR- PFM crown/24 months |
| Petsch et al./2017/Germany | 47 years/male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/delayed—xenograft | Failure RCT (horizontal) | Thin biotype, peri-implant tissues were preserved successfully No change (soft tissue, pocket depth, plaque accumulation) |
100% CC/24 months |
| Pour et al./2017/Germany | 38 years/male/max/anterior #23 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/immediate—bovine bone graft | Trauma → external resorption and failure of RCT 4 × 14 mm/more than 25/20 N cm |
SST favorable system practice → highly esthetic, ↓time ↓expense, less patient restorative team psychological stress No added cost for patient, one surgical procedure, ↓morbidity |
100% SRCC/3 months |
| Saeidi Pour et al./2017/Iran | 38 years/male/max/anterior #13 | Fit/smoker | Buccal class I/delayed—no graft | Failure RCT (horizontal) | SST ↓invasive approach, less patient–clinician stress SST → soft and hard tissue stability around implant, offers high esthetic outcome to patients |
100% CC/3 months |
| AlDary and Al Hadidi/2015/Jordan | 55 years/female/max/posterior right #24 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—graft placed | Replace unstable 3-unit splinted PFM prosthesis [#23–25] (complex)/4.3 × 12 mm/25 Newton #24 |
SST → ultimate esthetic outcome imitating natural emergence profile, preserving soft and hard tissue | 100% ZCs/3 months |
| Wadhwani et al./2015/Iran | Male/max/anterior #11 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal only class I/immediate—graft placed | Failure of RCT (vertical) | SST suggested alveolar bone preservation | NM |
| Baumer et al./2015/Germany | Max/canine-SST central incisor No socket-shield | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/immediate—graft placed | Non | SST sensitive, needs more scientific data, not recommended for clinicians in daily practice Yet, observed results are promising | 100% — 12 months |
| Cherel and Etienne/2014/France | 40 years/male/max/anterior #11 and 21 | Fit/smoker | Mesial part only/Class II/immediate—graft | Recurrence PA infections and root fracture (horizontal) 4 × 13 mm/45 N cm torque | Interproximal ST by MSST Preserved BCB in esthetic zone Preapical X-ray shows no bone change |
100% ZCs/6, 12 months |
| Chen and Pan/2013/Taiwan | 58 years/male/max/posterior right #25 | Fit/nonsmoker | Buccal class I/delayed—no graft | Fracture 3 mm apical to palatal gingiva (vertical)/14.1 × 12 mm/35 N-cm | SST for high esthetic concern. Mean BBL of 0.72 mm Peri-implant soft tissue is observed lingually* | 100% PFM crown/12 months |
| Al-Dary/2013/Jordan | 40 years/female/max/anteriors #11 | Fit/— | Buccal class I/delayed—no graft | Replacement prosthesis (horizontal) 12 × 3.2 mm |
SST with IIP viable technique to achieve osseointegration without inflammatory or resorptive response | 100% ZC/6 month |
| Kan and Rungcharassng/2013/USA | 45 years/male/max/anterior #11 | NM | Mesial and distal class IV/immediate—bio-osseous bone and allograft | Failure of RCT (horizontal) | PSS with IIP maintaining bone level, dentogingival fibers attached to proximal supracrestal cementum, preservation of interimplant papilla Satisfactory results, but long evidence needed |
100% Procera CC/12 months |
| Hurzeler et al./2010/Germany | 45 years/male/max/anterior #21 | Fit/non-smoker | Buccal class I/immediate—graft placed | Fracture due to trauma (vertical) 4 × 13 mm |
SST does not interfere with osseointegration, be beneficial in preserving bundle buccal bone plate, reduced resorption postextraction | 100% SRCC/3 months |
Quality Assessment of Selected Studies
The quality of each involved study was evaluated by two independent evaluators (AK and NAlH), and any possible discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The included articles were evaluated using the “Checklist for Case Reports and/or Series.” All data were arranged and presented in designated tables. The mentioned variables in the case reports and case series were summarized and analyzed.
RESULTS
The preliminary search identified through databases resulted in 345 articles that were analyzed. Further, a manual search of the related journals resulted in the addition of five more research papers. Each reviewer further screened the publications and excluded similar studies and those that are not related to the research question. Therefore, 250 articles were excluded from further evaluation. On thorough screening of the remaining 100 articles, 49 studies were excluded as they did not address the present study objectives. Eventually, a total of 51 articles were considered; of which 11 were case studies and 40 were case reports (Flowchart 1).
Flowchart 1: Flowchart of the study selection process
Qualitative Analysis
Variables concerning SST in both case series (Table 1) and case reports (Table 2) were author(s) name year and country of the study; medical and smoking habit history of the participant; age, gender, implant site, type of arch, tooth number, number of implants, causes of extraction, loading type, use of soft tissue graft, and implant width and length; osseointegration rate and complications if any; survival rate and follow-up periods were recorded. Also, classification of SST, marginal bone loss (MBL), and the type of final prostheses were assessed.
Study Characteristics and Quality of the Reports
Case Series
A total of 11 case series published between 2014 and 2020 were analyzed and the relevant findings were tabulated (Table 1). The highest number (three) of studies were published in 2020 by Nguyen et al.,4 Germi et al.,14 and Mathew et al.,15 from Canada, Iran, and India, respectively followed by two studies in 2017 by Mitsias et al.10 and Baumer et al.3 and two studies in 2014 by Glocker et al.2 and Troiano et al.,31 the remaining four studies each were authored by Habashneh et al.,17 Zhu et al.,24 Gluckman et al.,33 and Lagas et al.30 (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Results of different parameters investigated in case series (n = 11 studies)
Case Reports
Of the 40 case reports that were analyzed, 3 were published in 2021 by Oliveira et al.,25 Alone and Niswade,26 and Srivastava et al.27 Other reports were published between 2010 and 2020, with the maximum number of articles (11) in 2018,20,39–42,51–56 followed by 9 reports in 2017 by Buser et al.,57 Huang et al.,21 Durrani et al.,58 Al-Dary and Alsayed,59 Mitsias et al.,10 Roe et al.,60 Petsch et al.,61 Pour et al.,62 and Saeidi Pour et al.35 (Table 2 and Fig. 2).
Fig. 2: Results of variables assessed in case reports (n = 40 articles)
Data Synthesis for Systemic Review
Case Series
Studies carried by Lagas et al.,30 Zhu et al.,24 Gulikman et al.,33 and Mathew et al.15 were the only ones that mentioned the number of implants: 5 central and 5 lateral teeth, 14 implants in the anterior maxilla, 10 implants in the anterior region, and finally 16 implants in the anterior region, respectively. Those studies did not mention the tooth type (50 implants). The age of the patients was between 2017 and 87 years;4 two participants were smokers in this review. The survival rate was high in all case series and reached 100%, while a single study by Lagas et al.30 recorded 88%; more than half of the articles (64%) mentioned the type of the final restoration.
SST with IIP showed preservation of the hard and soft tissues with better stability without any changes in dimension, optimum esthetic results, improved and preserved buccal ridge contour regions (maxillary anterior up to the premolars), and better outcomes.2,4,10,14,15,17 Tissue volume remained unchanged3,12 with good osteointegration.31 Pink esthetic score (PES) was between 8–10 and 6–10 after 6 and 12 months in a study;14 while Mathew et al.15 recorded a PES of 12.2 with a complete score for central incisors, Zhu et al.24 scored 13.5 mm and Baumer et al.3 recorded a mean PES of 12. Only a single article mentioned the PES and MBL for IIP which were 10.8 and 0.88 mm, respectively.15 MBL for SST of 0.1 ± 0.2 mm for Nguyen et al.4 was 0.68 mm, but for Mathew et al.15 and Zhu et al.24 was 0.17–0.22 mm. Pocket depth around implant (PDAI) was 4 mm as mentioned by Mitsias et al.10 and Mathew et al.;15 compared between SST and IIP, they found significant differences between the two techniques for PES and MBL. Complications raised during the follow-up of case series were one shield failed due to infection, one case showed a deficiency of alveolar ridge,30 and one patient had complications with the other three socket-shields exposed due to the failure of soft tissue closure12 (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
Case Reports
The age reported among the case records ranged from a minimum of 21 years to a maximum of 76 years. All case reports narrated the site of the immediate implant with SST in the maxillary arch while only one study did not state the site of the implant.56 Anterior SST with or without IIP29 showed preservation of hard and soft tissues, both horizontally and vertically,39 maintaining ridge implant sites and alveolar ridge in posterior sites,25,29,36,56 and the tissue volume was unchanged and minimal crestal bone loss was observed.20,53 Further, an increase in PES and white esthetic scores (WESs) (≥12) was recorded by Fonseca.42 Modified SST and IIP maintained natural emergence profile, improved volume, and contour stability obtained by retaining the shield in IIP, with minimum buccal bone loss of 0.39 mm after 12 months.20 Pour et al.63 concluded that SST in addition to the high esthetic outcome is a favorable practice with a surgical step, decreasing the time, minimal expenses, and reducing the psychological stress. SST in conjunction with IIP and provisionalization positively supported the facial ridge of the implant.54 The survival rate was high in all case series and reached 100%. Screw type restorations in the form of all ceramic or porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) were slightly higher than cemented types. The follow-up period ranged between 3 and 60 months (Table 2 and Fig. 2).
DISCUSSION
In the last decade, the literature reports that SST with IIP assisted in the maintenance and preservation of alveolar bone, as well as hard and soft tissue contour, thereby facilitating good implant positioning. Moreover, it presented with a good esthetic outcome in the maxillary anterior area, recorded a minimum score of 12 for the PES, and described nominal changes during socket healing. Additionally, being relatively affordable, it also registered minimal buccal bone resorption over a period of time.25–28,38 SST is considered the technique of choice in the maxillary anterior zone since it documented the least marginal bone resorption,15 preserving not only the marginal buccal bone but also the interimplant papilla4 with no changes in soft tissue dimensions.64 Recent studies have observed that SST provides similar results for the posterior area with IIP14,17,63 and in the mandibular arch too.31
This systematic review was carried out to characterize the effectiveness of the SST with IIP in the esthetic zone within the last decade and to evaluate whether this technique is the treatment of choice for the stabilization of the soft and hard tissues in the extraction site and further to assess the association of this technique in relation to factors, such as patient gender, age, arch, region, position of the IIP, length and diameter of the implant, complications, suprastructure prosthesis type, and the follow-up period.
Shaheen65 allocated the partial extraction therapy into five different classes. In the present review, class I was the most common type–observed SST (78%), wherein the shield was located in the buccal area alone (Flowchart 1; Table 1). Next was the pontic shield technique considered in oral rehabilitation cases with pontic area deficiency.44 While the root membrane concept with the soft tissue is proven to preserve the bundle bone and tissue volume with and without IIP, yet this minimally invasive treatment modality is highly technique-sensitive.29,33,66 Siormpas et al.67 reported that root membrane procedures are much accurate than conventional IIP. Also, Aslan20 recommended the modified socket-shield system and IIP to maintain natural emergence profile, improved tissue volume, and contour stability.
Siormpas et al.67 in their retrospective clinical study with a 10-year follow-up stated that the reasons for tooth extraction were a fracture that accounts for 61.2% while caries to 36.4%. However, from the summarized data of the present study, the cause of root extractions was RCT failure (85%), and horizontal root fracture (85%) was the highest.
The majority of the articles in the review reported the highest number of SST and IIP in the maxillary and anterior regions 83 and 75% for case series and 100 and 83% for case reports, respectively, when compared to the posterior area. This is in agreement with studies conducted by Han et al.,68 where they suggested that this technique was more appropriate to the anterior esthetic region than the posterior molar region which was commonly characterized with either an unrestorable tooth with extensive caries, root fractures at different levels, lack of ferrule, or failed endo, restorative or post and core treatment(s) and even may be subjected to root resorption, thereby limiting the use of this technique.
On review of present study results, the maxillary teeth were recorded as the highest to be treated with SST and IIP. It was supported by Mangano et al.69 and Siormpas et al.,67 wherein the order followed were right central incisors (21 + 19), left central incisors (11 + 10), right lateral incisors (5 + 5), and left lateral incisors (13 + 7). These observations are in accordance with Mangano et al.69 who reported that the maxillary incisors followed by lateral incisors were commonly indicated for the procedure. Further, it was also noted that canine was the least recorded incisor for the procedure. However, premolars scored different values among the studies ranging from 12 to 32.5%, where both maxillary right and left premolars were 8% in both case series and reports. Studies have recorded that the maxillary central, lateral incisors, canine, and premolars were the highest number treated by SST and IIP, respectively. On compilation of the results in the present review, a similar order as the former was identified.
On evaluating the cause of extraction, root fracture was the common complaint reported in both case reports and case series with 35 and 85%, respectively. While dental caries accounted for 10% in case series and 33% for case reports, fractures dominated the reason for extraction in both case series and reports; of which the horizontal fracture (85%) was predominant. Other notable causes reported were accidental trauma, heavily restored teeth, and incomplete RCT. Of particular interest was root resorption and the lack of osteointegration formation that recorded almost 10% in both case reports and case series (Flowchart 1 and Fig. 1).
It is also observed that cases with IIP and SST were higher with a bone graft (56%) when compared to those without a bone graft (44%). Relatively lesser frequency of cases used soft tissue graft as recorded by Han et al.68 when compared to 72% as recorded by Mangano et al.69 In relation to the survival rates during the follow-up period, Han et al.68 and Mangano et al.69 recorded 95% but Han et al.68 recorded higher numbers of their cases treated by SST and IIP. On the contrary, smaller percentages were documented in a study by Siormpas et al.67
Limitations of the Study
Though the present study was able to achieve its aim and objectives, consideration of case reports and case series alone may act as a limitation as case–control studies or randomized control studies may support the findings further and aid in better evaluation for implementation as a technique or procedure.
CONCLUSION
SST is gaining popularity owing to its promising result, better esthetic outcomes, and minimal requirement of soft tissue grafts, irrespective of the site of interest. Additionally, lesser MBL and higher PESs are recorded by the technique. However, well-designed prospective case series are few in number; thereby, insufficient data on its reliability and longtime stability limit its application. Hence, further clinical studies, such as prospective randomized controlled clinical trials, are a requirement, which will allow power analysis to control an acceptable cohort size to notify statistical explanation which would permit conclusions to be drawn.
ORCID
Manea M Al-Ahmari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-1841
Mohammed M Al-Moaleem https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-261X
REFERENCES
1. Abadzhiev M, Nenkov P, Velcheva P. Conventional immediate implant placement and immediate placement with socket-shield technique– which is better. Int J Clin Med Res 2014;1(5):176–180.
2. Glocker M, Attin T, Schmidlin PR. Ridge preservation with modified “socket-shield” technique: a methodological case series. Dent J 2014;2(1):11–21. DOI: 10.3390/dj2010011.
3. Bäumer D, Zuhr O, Rebele S, et al. Socket-shield technique for immediate implant placement – clinical, radiographic and volumetric data after 5 years. Clin Oral Implants Res 2017;28(11):1450–1458. DOI: 10.1111/clr.13012.
4. Nguyen VG, Flanagan D, Syrbu J, et al. Socket-shield technique used in conjunction with immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla: a case series. Clin Adv Periodont 2020;10(2):64–68. DOI: 10.1002/cap.10087.
5. Araújo MG, Sukekava F, Wennström JL, et al. Ridge alterations following implant placement in fresh extraction sockets: an experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32(6):645–652. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00726.x.
6. Salama M, Du Toit DJ. Partial extraction therapies (PET) part 1: maintaining alveolar ridge contour at pontic and immediate implant sites. Periodontics 2016;36(5):681–687. DOI: 10.11607/prd.2783.
7. Capelli M, Testori T, Galli F, et al. Implant–buccal plate distance as diagnostic parameter: a prospective cohort study on implant placement in fresh extraction sockets. J Periodontol 2013;84(12):1768–1774. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120474.
8. Araújo M, Linder E, Wennström J, et al. The influence of Bio-Oss Collagen on healing of an extraction socket: an experimental study in the dog. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2008;28(2):125. PMID: 18546808.
9. Araújo M, Linder E, Lindhe J. Effect of a xenograft on early bone formation in extraction sockets: an experimental study in dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20(1):1–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01606.x.
10. Mitsias ME, Siormpas KD, Kotsakis GA, et al. The root membrane technique: human histologic evidence after five years of function. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/7269467.
11. Hürzeler MB, Zuhr O, Schupbach P, et al. The socket‐shield technique: a proof‐of‐principle report. J Clin Periodontol 2010;37(9):855–862. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01595.x.
12. Du Toit J. The pontic-shield: partial extraction therapy for ridge preservation and pontic site development. Periodontics 2016;36(3):417–423. DOI: 10.11607/prd.2651.
13. Walid AJ. Socket-shield technique–a new approach of immediate implant articles review. J Dent Oral Implants 2019;2(2):6. DOI: 10.14302/issn.2473-1005.jdoi-18-583.
14. Germi AS, Barghi VG, Jafari K, et al. Aesthetics outcome of immediately restored single implants placed in extraction sockets in the anterior maxilla: a case series study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020;14(1):48. DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.007.
15. Mathew L, Manjunath N, Anagha NP, et al. Comparative evaluation of socket-shield and immediate implant placement. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol 2020;5(4):1364–1369.
16. Ogawa T, Sitalaksmi RM, Miyashita M, et al. Effectiveness of the socket-shield technique in dental implant: a systematic review. J Prosthodont Res 2021:JPR_D_20_00054. DOI: 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_20_00054.
17. Habashneh RA, Walid MA, Abualteen T, et al. Socket-shield technique and immediate implant placement for ridge preservation: case report series with 1-year follow-up. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(9):1108–1117. PMID: 31797838.
18. Mourya A, Mishra SK, Gaddale R, et al. Socket‐shield technique for implant placement to stabilize the facial gingival and osseous architecture: a systematic review. J Investig Clin Dent 2019;10(4):e12449. DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12449.
19. Zuhr O, Staehler P, Huerzeler M. Complication management of a socket-shield case after 6 years of function. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2020;40(3):409. DOI: 10.11607/prd.4648.
20. Aslan S. Improved volume and contour stability with thin socket-shield preparation in immediate implant placement and provisionalization in the esthetic zone. Int J Esthet Dent 2018;13(2):172–183. PMID: 29687096.
21. Huang H, Shu L, Liu Y, et al. Immediate implant combined with modified socket-shield technique: a case letter. J Oral Implantol 2017;43(2):139–143. DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-16-00107.
22. Cherel F, Etienne D. Papilla preservation between two implants: a modified socket-shield technique to maintain the scalloped anatomy? A case report. Quintessence Int 2014;45(1):23–30. DOI: 10.3290/j.qi.a30765.
23. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K. Proximal socket-shield for interimplant papilla preservation in the esthetic zone. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2013;33(1). DOI: 10.11607/prd.1346.
24. Zhu YB, Qiu LX, Chen L, et al. Clinical evaluation of socket-shield technique in maxillary anterior region. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018;53(10):665–668. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2018.10.004.
25. de Oliveira GB, de Almeida Basilio M, Araujo NS, et al. The socket-shield technique and early implant placement for tooth rehabilitation: a case report. J Clin Images Med Case Rep 2021;2(3):1118. DOI: 10.52768/2766-7820/1118.
26. Alone N, and Niswade G. Clinical application of the socket-shield concept for immediate implant placement–a case report. J Res Med Dent Sci 2021;9(6):36–40.
27. Srivastava PA, Kusum CK, Aggarwal S, et al. Immediate esthetic restoration of failed teeth in esthetic zone using socket-shield technique: a case report. Int J Appl Dent Sci 2021;7(2):374–376. DOI: 10.22271/oral.2021.v7.i2f.1234.
28. Alshammari NM, Alhawiti IA, Koshak H. Socket-shield technique for optimizing aesthetic results of immediate implants. IP Int J Periodontol Implantol 2020;5(1):29–32. DOI: 10.18231/j.ijpi.2020.007.
29. Ganz SD, Tawil I. Guided applications for partial extraction therapy. Dentistry Today 2020. Available from: https://www.dentistrytoday.com/articles/10692.
30. Lagas LJ, Pepplinkhuizen JJFAA, Bergé SJ, et al. Implant placement in the aesthetic zone: the socket-shield-technique. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2015;122(1):33–36. DOI: 10.5177/ntvt.2015.01.14180.
31. Troiano M, Benincasa M, Sánchez P, et al. Bundle bone preservation with Root-T-Belt: case study. Ann Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;2(1):7.
32. Arora H, Ivanovski S. Evaluation of the influence of implant placement timing on the esthetic outcomes of single tooth implant treatment in the anterior maxilla: a retrospective study. J Esthet Restor Dent 2018;30(4):338–345. DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12385.
33. Gluckman H, Toit JD, Salama M, et al. A decade of the socket-shield technique: a step-by-step partial extraction therapy protocol. Int J Esthet Dent 2020;15(2):212–225. PMID: 32467949.
34. Gluckman H, Salama M, Du Toit J. A retrospective evaluation of 128 socket-shield cases in the aesthetic zone and posterior sites: partial extraction therapy with up to 4 years follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2018;20(2):122–129. DOI: 10.1111/cid.12554.
35. Dash S, Mohapatra A, Srivastava G, et al. Retaining and regaining esthetics in the anterior maxillary region using the socket-shield technique. Contemp Clin Dent 2020;11(2):158–161. DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_16_20.
36. Saeidi Pour R, Zuhr O, Hürzeler M, et al. Clinical benefits of the immediate implant socket-shield technique. J Esthet Restor Dent 2017;29(2):93–101. DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12291.
37. Schwimer CW, Gluckman H, Salama M, et al. The socket-shield technique at molar sites: a proof-of-principle technique report. J Prosthet Dent 2019;121(2):229–233. DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.05.006.
38. Bin Z, Lihua S, Junhua Z, et al. Short-term effect comparison of a modified socket-shield technique and conventional flapless immediate implant and immediate restoration in maxillary aesthetic area. Chin J Tissue Eng Res 2020;24(34):5514–5519. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2344.
39. Velasco Bohórquez P, Rucco R, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, et al. Failure rate, marginal bone loss, and pink esthetic with socket-shield technique for immediate dental implant placement in the esthetic zone. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biology 2021;10(6):549. DOI: 10.3390/biology10060549.
40. Kumar PR, Kher U. Shield the socket: procedure, case report and classification. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018;22(3):266–272. DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_78_18.
41. Verma N, Lata J, Kaur J. Socket-shield technique–a new approach to immediate implant placement. Indian J Compr Dent Care 2018;8:1181–1183.
42. Fonseca DL. Incorporating the socket-shield technique in the esthetic treatment of a patient’s smile: a case report with 2-year follow-up. Int J Growth Factors Stem Cells Dent 2018;1(1):38–41. DOI: 10.4103/GFSC.GFSC_1_18.
43. Schwimer C, Pette GA, Gluckman H, et al. Human histologic evidence of new bone formation and osseointegration between root dentin (unplanned socket-shield) and dental implant: case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2018;33(1):e19–e23. DOI: 10.11607/jomi.6215.
44. Patel S, Parikh H, Kumar BB, et al. Socket-shield technique, a novel approach for the esthetic rehabilitation of edentulous maxillary anterior alveolar ridges: a special case file. J Dent Implant 2019;9(2):91–94. DOI: 10.4103/jdi.jdi_23_19.
45. Polis-Yanes C, Cadenas-Sebastián C, Oliver-Puigdomenech C, et al. A double case: socket-shield and pontic shield techniques on aesthetic zone. Case Rep Dent 2020. Article ID 8891772, 6 p. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8891772.
46. Al Dary H, Al Hadidi A. The socket-shield technique using bone trephine: a case report. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 2015;1–5. DOI: 10.19070/2377-8075-SI05001.
47. Chen C-L, Pan Y-H. Socket-shield technique for ridge preservation: a case report. J Prosthodont Implantol 2013;2(2):16–21.
48. Arabbi KC, Sharanappa M, Priya Y, et al. Socket-shield: a case report. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019;11(Suppl. 1):S72–S75. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_228_18.
49. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. PRISMA group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6(7):e1000097. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
50. Blaschke C, Schwass DR. The socketshield technique: a critical literature review. Int J Implant Dent 2020;6:52. DOI: 10.1186/s40729-020-00246-2.
51. Magadmi RM. Assessing the clinical improvement in patients with COVID-19 using Lopinavir-Ritonavir: a systematic review. J Pharmaceut Res Int 2021;33(44A):448–459. Article No: JPRI.74217. DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i44A32637.
52. Guo T, Nie R, Xin X, et al. Tissue preservation through socket-shield technique and platelet-rich fibrin in immediate implant placement: a case report. Medicine 2018;97(50):e1375. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013175.
53. Mattar AA. Socket-shield technique with immediate implant placement to preserve thin buccal bone: a case report. Int J Dent Oral Heal 2018;4(8):117–122.
54. Esteve-Pardo G, Esteve-Colomina L. Clinical application of the socket-shield concept in multiple anterior teeth. Case Rep Dent 2018;2018:1–7. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9014372.
55. Gluckman H, Toit JD, Salama M. The socket-shield technique to support the buccofacial tissues at immediate implant placement. Int Dent – Afr Ed 2018;5(3).
56. Dayakar MM, Waheed A, Bhat HS, et al. The socketshield technique and immediate implant placement. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018;22(5):451–455. DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_240_18.
57. Nevins M, Parma-Benfenati S, Sava C, et al. Clinical and histologic evaluations of immediately placed SLA dental implants. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2018;38(2):165–170. DOI: 10.11607/prd.3558.32.
58. Buser D, Chappuis V, Belser UC, et al. Implant placement post extraction in aesthetic single tooth sites: when immediate, when early, when late? Periodontology 2000 2017;73(1):84–102. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12170.
59. Durrani F, Yadav DS, Galohda A, et al. Dimensional changes in periodontium with immediate replacement of tooth by socket-shield technique: two-year follow-up. Int J Oral Implantol Clin Res 2017;8(1):17–21. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1161.
60. Al-Dary H, Alsayed A. The socket-shield technique: a case report with 5 years follow up. EC Dent Sci 2017;15.5:168–181.
61. Roe P, Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K. Residual root preparation for socket-shield procedures: a facial window approach. IJ Esthet Dent 2017;12(3):324–335. PMID: 28717791.
62. Petsch M, Spies B, Kohal RJ. Socket-shield technique for implant placement in the esthetic zone: a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2017;37(6):853–860. DOI: 10.11607/prd.2729.
63. Pour RS, Zuhr O, Hurzeler M, et al. Clinical benefits of the immediate implant socket-shield technique. J Esthet Restor Dent 2017;29(2):93–101. DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12291.
64. Baumer D, Zuhr O, Rebele S, et al. The socket-shield technique: first histological, clinical, and volumetrical observations after separation of the buccal tooth segment – a pilot study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015;17(1):71–82. DOI: 10.1111/cid.12076.
65. Shaheen RS. Partial extraction therapy: a review of the clinical and histological human studies. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2021;8(1):16–19. DOI: 10.4103/ijpcdr.ijpcdr_2_21.
66. Goel M, Kanade M, Meshram R, et al. Immediate implant placement with socket-shield technique and root submergence of the adjacent tooth – a case report. Eur J Mol Clin Med 2020;7(10):3570.
67. Siormpas KD, Mitsias ME, Kotsakis GA, et al. The root membrane technique: a retrospective clinical study with up to 10 years of follow-up. Implant Dent 2018;27(5):1–11. DOI: 10.1097/ID.0000000000000818.
68. Han CH, Park KB, Mangano FG. The modified socket-shield technique. J Craniofac Surg 2018;29(8):2247–2254. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000004494.
69. Mangano FG, Luongo F, Picciocchi G, et al. Soft tissue stability around single implants inserted to replace maxillary lateral incisors: a 3D evaluation. Int J Dent. 2016;2016:9393219. DOI: 10.1155/2016/9393219.
________________________
© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.