The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Volume  25 (2024)
Volume  24 (2023)
Volume  23 (2022)
Volume  22 (2021)
Volume  21 (2020)
Volume  20 (2019)
Volume  19 (2018)
Volume  18 (2017)
Volume  17 (2016)
Volume  16 (2015)
Volume  15 (2014)
Volume  14 (2013)
Volume  13 (2012)
Volume  12 (2011)
Volume  11 (2010)
Volume  10 (2009)
Volume  9 (2008)
Volume  8 (2007)
Volume  7 (2006)
Volume  6 (2005)
Volume  5 (2004)
Volume  4 (2003)
Volume  3 (2002)
Volume  2 (2001)
Volume  1 (1999)
Related articles

VOLUME 23 , ISSUE 12 ( December, 2022 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Assessment of the Remineralizing Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract vs Sodium Fluoride on Surface and Subsurface Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study

Haithem Milad Hameed, Aya Adel El Tahlawy, Sayed Hussein Saniour

Keywords : Enamel remineralization, Grape seed extract, Microhardness, pH cycling model, Raman spectroscopy, Sodium fluoride

Citation Information : Hameed HM, El Tahlawy AA, Saniour SH. Assessment of the Remineralizing Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract vs Sodium Fluoride on Surface and Subsurface Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23 (12):1237-1244.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3442

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 13-04-2023

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) on remineralization of surface and subsurface enamel lesions compared to that of sodium fluoride (NaF). Materials and methods: A total of 20 intact bovine incisor crowns were separated from their roots and immersed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hours at 37°C to create artificial enamel lesions. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): 6.5% GSE solution and 1000 ppm NaF solution. The specimens were subjected to six daily pH cycles for 8 days. The microhardness test was carried out at three different stages: baseline, after artificial caries formation, and after pH cycling. Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the depth of enamel remineralization. Surface morphology and elemental analysis were assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscope, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: There was a significant increase in the mean values of enamel surface microhardness after pH cycles in the two groups compared to after artificial caries formation, but there was no significant difference between both groups. The B-type carbonate/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio at 10 and 40 µm depth revealed no significant difference between the two groups. Scanning electron microscope micrograph revealed occlusion of porosities and particle precipitation on the enamel surface of the two groups, while EDX results for the Ca/P ratio of the GSE and NaF groups were 1.59 and 1.60, respectively. Conclusion: Grape seed extract and NaF are equally effective in remineralizing surface and subsurface artificial enamel lesions. Clinical significance: Grape seed extract can be considered a promising herbal material and a safe alternative to traditional NaF for the noninvasive treatment of enamel lesions.

PDF Share
  1. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007;369(9555):51–59. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2.
  2. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17030. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.30.
  3. Neel EAA, Aljabo A, Strange A, et al. Demineralization–remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. Int J Nanomedicine 2016;11:4743–4763. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S107624.
  4. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Professionally applied topical fluoride: Evidence-based clinical recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(8):1151–1159. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0356.
  5. Batra A, Shetty V. Non-fluoridated remineralising agents - A review of literature. J Evol Med Dent Sci 2021;10(9):638–644. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2021/136.
  6. Kang MK, Kim HE. Remineralizing efficacy of fluoride in the presence of oral microcosm biofilms. J Dent 2021;115:103848. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103848.
  7. Tanya Walsh, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, et al. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;3(3):CD007868. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3.
  8. Wangchuk P. Therapeutic applications of natural products in herbal medicines, biodiscovery programs, and biomedicine. J Biol Act Prod Nat 2018;8(1):1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2018.1426495.
  9. Anusuya V, Jena AK, Sharan J. Grape seed extracts in dental therapy. In: Chauhan DN, Singh PR, Shah K, Chauhan SH (eds). Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy. 2020. Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy, (229–258) © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119618973.ch15.
  10. Zhao W, Xie Q, Bedran-Russo AK, et al. The preventive effect of grape seed extract on artificial enamel caries progression in a microbial biofilm-induced caries model. J Dent 2014;42(8):1010–1018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.05.006.
  11. Swadas M, Vyas SM, Shah N, et al. Evaluation and comparison of the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans of grape seed extract at different concentrations with chlorhexidine gluconate: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(3):181–185. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1360.
  12. Castellan CS, Pereira PN, Grande RHM, et al. Mechanical characterization of proanthocyanidin-dentin matrix interaction. Dent Mater 2010;26(10):968–973. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.06.001.
  13. Elumalai M, Indiran MA, Rathinavelu PK, et al. Grape seed extract as a potential remineralizing agent - A structured review. Drug Invent Today 2018;10(2):3116–3128.
  14. Delimont NM, Carlson BN. Prevention of dental caries by grape seed extract supplementation: A systematic review. Nutr Health 2020;26(1):43–52. DOI: 10.1177/0260106019887890.
  15. Firouzmandi M, Vasei F, Giti R, et al. Effect of silver diamine fluoride and proanthocyanidin on resistance of carious dentin to acid challenges. PLoS One 2020;15(9):e0238590. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238590.
  16. Lamuela-Raventós RM. Folin – Ciocalteu method for the measurement of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. In: Apak R, Capanoglu E, Shahidi F (eds). Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity: Recent Trends and Applications. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2018. pp. 107–114. ISBN: 978-1-119-13535-7.
  17. Rombaut N, Savoire R, Thomasset B, et al. Optimization of oil yield and oil total phenolic content during grape seed cold screw pressing. Ind Crops Prod 2015;63:26–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.001.
  18. Siddiqui N, Rauf A, Latif A, et al. Spectrophotometric determination of the total phenolic content, spectral and fluorescence study of the herbal Unani drug Gul-e-Zoofa (Nepeta bracteata Benth). J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2017;12(4):360–363. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2016.11.006.
  19. Sun B, Ricardo-da-Silva JM, Spranger I. Critical factors of vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46(10):4267–4274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980366j.
  20. Nakamura Y, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils. J Health Sci 2003;49(1):45–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.49.45.
  21. Rubel M, Prashant GM, Naveen Kumar PG, et al. Effect of grape seed extract on remineralization of artificial caries: An in-vitro study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2016;9(5):174–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.13175.
  22. Da Silva APP, Goncalves RS, Borges AFS, et al. Effectiveness of plant-derived proanthocyanidins on demineralization on enamel and dentin under artificial cariogenic challenge. J Appl Oral Sci 2015;23(3):302–309. DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140304.
  23. Xie Q, Bedran-Russo AK, Wu CD. In vitro remineralization effects of grape seed extract on artificial root caries. J Dent 2008;36(11):900–906. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.07.011.
  24. Buzalaf MAR, Hannas AR, Magalhães AC, et al. pH-cycling models for in vitro evaluation of the efficacy of fluoridated dentifrices for caries control: Strengths and limitations. J Appl Oral Sci 2010;18(4):316–334. DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000400002.
  25. Jawale K, Kamat S, Patil J, et al. Grape seed extract: An innovation in remineralization. J Conserv Dent 2017;20(6):415–418. DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_287_16.
  26. Lata S, Varghese NO, Varughese JM. Remineralization potential of fluoride and amorphous calcium phosphate-casein phospho peptide on enamel lesions: An in vitro comparative evaluation. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13(1):42–46. DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.62634.
  27. Benjamin S, Roshni S, Thomas SS, et al. Grape seed extract as a potential remineralizing agent: A comparative in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(4):425–430. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1162.
  28. Epasinghe DJ, Yiu CKY, Burrow MF. Effect of flavonoids on remineralization of artificial root caries. Aust Dent J 2016;61(2):196–202. DOI: 10.1111/adj.12367.
  29. Amin R, Awad S, Abd El Sattar E. Evaluation of remineralization of grape seed extract versus sodium fluoride on demineralized primary anterior teeth: An in-vitro study. Egypt Dent J 2019;65(3):1977–1984. DOI: 10.21608/EDJ.2015.71714.
  30. Chuenarrom C, Benjakul P, Daosodsai P. Effect of indentation load and time on knoop and vickers microhardness tests for enamel and dentin. Mat Res 2009;12(4):473–476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392009000400016.
  31. Kuramochi E, Iizuka J, Mukai Y. Influences of bicarbonate on processes of enamel subsurface remineralization and demineralization: Assessment using micro-Raman spectroscopy and transverse microradiography. Eur J Oral Sci 2016;124(6):554–558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12301.
  32. Al-Obaidi R, Salehi H, Desoutter A, et al. Formation and assessment of enamel subsurface lesions in vitro. J Oral Sci 2019;61(3):454–458. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0174.
  33. Kilic M, Gurbuz T. Evaluation of the effects of different remineralisation agents on initial enamel lesions by scanning electron microscope and energy-distributed X-ray analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(8):e14299. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14299.
  34. Amaechi BT. Remineralization therapies for initial caries lesions. Curr Oral Health Rep 2015;2:95–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-015-0048-9.
  35. Philip N, Leishman S, Walsh L. Potential role for natural products in dental caries control. Oral Health Prev Dent 2019;17(5):479–485. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a42741.
  36. Ma ZF, Zhang H. Phytochemical constituents, health benefits, and industrial applications of grape seeds: A mini-review. Antioxidants 2017;6(3):71. DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030071.
  37. Ghouila Z, Laurent S, Boutry S, et al. Antioxidant, antibacterial and cell toxicity effects of polyphenols Fromahmeur bouamer grape seed extracts. J Fundam Appl Sci 2017;9(1):392. DOI: 10.4314/jfas.v9i1.24.
  38. Gu L, Kelm MA, Hammerstone JF, et al. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. J Nutr 2004;134(3):613–617. DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.3.613.
  39. Al-Salehi SK, Wood DJ, Hatton PV. The effect of 24h non-stop hydrogen peroxide concentration on bovine enamel and dentine mineral content and microhardness. J Dent 2007;35(11):845–850. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2007.08.001.
  40. Amaechi BT, Higham SM, Edgar WM. Factors affecting the development of carious lesions in bovine teeth in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1998;43(8):619–628. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00043-0.
  41. Pavan S, Xie Q, Hara A, et al. Biomimetic approach for root caries prevention using a proanthocyanidin-rich agent. Caries Res 2011;45(5):443–447. DOI: 10.1159/000330599.
  42. Bedran-Russo AK, Pauli GF, Chen SN, et al. Dentin biomodification: Strategies, renewable resources and clinical applications. Dent Mater 2014;30(1):62–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.10.012.
  43. Tang B, Yuan H, Cheng L, et al. Effects of gallic acid on the morphology and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals. Arch Oral Biol 2015;60(1):167–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.011.
  44. Li X, Wang J, Joiner A, et al. The remineralisation of enamel: A review of the literature. J Dent 2014;42(Suppl1):S12–S20. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50003-6.
  45. Felszeghy S, Hollo K, Modis L, et al. Type X collagen in human enamel development: A possible role in mineralization. Acta Odontol Scand 2000;58(4):171–176. DOI: 10.1080/000163500429172.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.