The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Related articles

VOLUME 17 , ISSUE 1 ( January, 2016 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Oral Microbial Shift: Factors affecting the Microbiome and Prevention of Oral Disease

Kusai Baroudi, Rushabh Dagli, Namrata Dagli, Shrouq Darwish

Citation Information : Baroudi K, Dagli R, Dagli N, Darwish S. Oral Microbial Shift: Factors affecting the Microbiome and Prevention of Oral Disease. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17 (1):90-96.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1808

Published Online: 01-06-2016

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2016; The Author(s).


Abstract

Background

Recently, oral microbiome has gained popularity among scientists. Microorganisms are no longer considered as disease-producing pathogens, rather they are now considered as partners of human in maintaining health. Since ancient times, changes in our lifestyle have affected our microbiome and the balance with their human host has been perturbed. The present review includes the description about factors affecting oral microbiome and establishing symbiosis with the human host so that they contribute in maintaining health rather than eliciting diseases.

Materials and methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed on databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Medline until April 2015. First, articles were selected on the basis of their titles and then abstracts were screened and unwanted articles were excluded. Articles obtained from all the databases were checked and duplicate articles were removed. Articles obtained from various databases: PubMed = 35, Google Scholar = 8. Out of these 43 articles, total 29 articles were finally selected for this review.

Results

The published literature suggests that the modern oral microbiome is less biodiverse, and possess more pathogenic bacterial species and lesser beneficial bacteria. The possible factors mainly responsible for this shift in microbiome were found to be change in diet, industrial revolution and indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Conclusion

Various changes in lifestyles have affected oral microbiome adversely and perturb the symbiosis between the microbiome and their hosts. The present oral microbiome is found to be less diverse and more pathogenic. The present review may be helpful in understanding the relationship between the microbiome and their human hosts so that microbiome contributes in maintaining healthy state of the body.

How to cite this article

Dagli N, Dagli R, Darwish S, Baroudi K. Oral Microbial Shift: Factors affecting the Microbiome and Prevention of Oral Disease. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(1):90-96.


PDF Share
  1. Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008 Feb 12;105(6):2117-2122.
  2. ‘Ome sweet ‘omics: a genealogical treasury of words. Scientist 2001;15:8-10.
  3. Insights from characterizing extinct human gut microbiomes. PLoS One 2012;7(12):e51146.
  4. What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota? Nat Rev Microbiol 2009 Dec;7(12):887-894.
  5. The human oral microbiome database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information. Database (Oxford) 2010 Jul 6;2010:baq013.
  6. Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Jan 11;108(2):486-491.
  7. Pathogens and host immunity in the ancient human oral cavity. Nat Genet 2014 Apr;46(4):336-344.
  8. Biofilm in endodontics: a review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015 Jan-Feb;5(1):1-12.
  9. Effect of handheld mobile phone use on parotid gland salivary flow rate and volume. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012 Aug;114(2):200-206.
  10. Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and industrial revolutions. Nat Genet 2013 Apr;45(4):450-455, 455e1.
  11. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e34953.
  12. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 2011 Aug 11;477(7365):457-461.
  13. Contemporary perspective on plaque control. Br Dent J 2012 Jun 22;212(12):601-606.
  14. Ecological approaches to oral biofilms: control without killing. Caries Res 2015;49(Suppl 1):46-54.
  15. Fungal biofilm inhibitors from a human oral microbiome-derived bacterium. Org Biomol Chem 2012 Mar 14;10(10):2044-2050.
  16. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013 Apr;24(2):160-168.
  17. The impact of dairy consumption on salivary inoculum. Dysphagia 2014 Apr;29(2):277-282.
  18. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS One 2010 Mar 24;5(3):e9836.
  19. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):621-626.
  20. Antibiotic overuse: stop the killing of beneficial bacteria. Nature 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):393-394.
  21. The influence of handheld mobile phones on human parotid gland secretion. Oral Dis 2010 Mar;16(2):146-150.
  22. Is human saliva an indicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phones? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013 Feb 20;18(6):622-627.
  23. The metabolic processes of folic acid and Vitamin B12 deficiency. J Health Res Rev 2014 Jan-Apr;1(1):5-9.
  24. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Ann Rev Nutr 2002;22:283-307.
  25. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1355-1359.
  26. Discovery of a novel and rich source of gluten-degrading microbial enzymes in the oral cavity. PLoS One 2010 Oct 11;5(10):e13264.
  27. Targeting the human microbiome with antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics: gastroenterology enters the metagenomics era. Gastroenterology 2009 May;136(6):2015-2031.
  28. Molecular analysis of Bacterial species associated with childhood caries. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Mar;40(3):1001-1009.
  29. Anti-Streptococcus mutans property of a chitosan: Containing resin sealant. J Int Soc Prevent Communit Dent [serial online] 2016 [cited 2016 Mar 14];6:49-53. Available from: http://www.jispcd.org/text.asp?2016/6/1/49/175405.
  30. Association of Streptococcus mutants with human dental decay. Infect Immun 1975 Jun;11(6):1252-1260.
  31. Environmental pH as a factor in the competition between strains of the oral streptococci Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, and ‘S. mitior’ growing in continuous culture. Can J Microbiol 1987 Sep;33(9):824-827.
  32. Competition between oral Streptococcus species in the chemostat under alternating conditions of glucose limitation and excess. Microbiol Lett 1985;31:373-379.
  33. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res 2007 Feb;86(2):125-130.
  34. Identifying a healthy oral microbiome through metagenomics. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012 Jul;18 (Suppl 4):54-57.
  35. The oral metagenome in health and disease. ISME J 2012 Jan;6(1):46-56.
  36. Prevention of population shifts in oral microbial communities in vitro by low fluoride concentrations. J Dent Res 1990 Feb;69(2):436-441.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.