The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Volume  25 (2024)
Volume  24 (2023)
Volume  23 (2022)
Volume  22 (2021)
Volume  21 (2020)
Volume  20 (2019)
Volume  19 (2018)
Volume  18 (2017)
Volume  17 (2016)
Volume  16 (2015)
Volume  15 (2014)
Volume  14 (2013)
Volume  13 (2012)
Volume  12 (2011)
Volume  11 (2010)
Volume  10 (2009)
Volume  9 (2008)
Volume  8 (2007)
Volume  7 (2006)
Volume  6 (2005)
Volume  5 (2004)
Volume  4 (2003)
Volume  3 (2002)
Volume  2 (2001)
Volume  1 (1999)
Related articles

VOLUME 25 , ISSUE 6 ( June, 2024 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Infused with Azadirachta indica Extract and Chlorhexidine Against Red-complex Pathogens

K Srinivasan, Saravanakumar Ravindran, Pratebha Balu, Karthikeyan Ilangovan, Sakthidevi Sathiyaseelan, Roopa R Pandraveti

Keywords : Antimicrobial activity, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Neem extract, Neem-infused silver nanoparticles, Red-complex pathogens

Citation Information : Srinivasan K, Ravindran S, Balu P, Ilangovan K, Sathiyaseelan S, Pandraveti RR. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Infused with Azadirachta indica Extract and Chlorhexidine Against Red-complex Pathogens. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25 (6):547-553.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3672

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 23-09-2024

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles infused with Azadirachta indica extract and chlorhexidine against red-complex periopathogens. Materials and methods: Neem leaf extraction was done followed by standardization to the synthesis of neem-infused silver nanoparticles and fractionation of compounds done by using thin layer chromatography to separate the mixture of neem leaf extract. Characterization of neem-infused silver nanoparticles was done by scanning electron microscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The compound identified in neem-infused silver nanoparticles was gedunin which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Determination of antibacterial activity done by disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Group I—99% ethanolic extract, group II—neem-infused silver nanoparticles (NAgNPs), group III—chlorhexidine. Results: The relative inhibitory zone value for Tannerella forsythia (180) in neem-infused silver nanoparticles (group II) was greater when compared with other periopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis (133) and Treponema denticola (160) than 99% ethanolic extract (group I), chlorhexidine (group III). Neem-infused silver nanoparticles (group III) showed superior antimicrobial activity against T. forsythia (19.3 ± 31.1547) and T. denticola (18±0) when compared with P. gingivalis (17.6 ± 0.5774). On evaluating MIC and minimum bacterial concentrations, P. gingivalis is more resistant than other pathogens in neem-infused silver nanoparticles (group III). Conclusion: Neem-infused silver nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial activity as compared with gold-standard chlorhexidine against red-complex periodontal pathogens. For MIC and MBC all the three periopathogens were effective but P. gingivalis was more resistant. Clinical significance: Antibiotics are effective against many drug-resistant bacteria. As a ready-made medicine, they can be used to treat many infections. Silver nanoparticles in drug delivery systems generally increase solubility, stability, and biodistribution, thereby increasing their effectiveness. Green synthesis using plant extracts as precursors to synthesize nanoparticles has proven to be environmentally non-hazardous combined with remarkably improved efficacy against bacterial and viral diseases. So neem-infused silver nanoparticles can be utilized as a drug delivery system. Hence, it can be used as a potential antibacterial ingredient in formulations for periodontal use like mouthwashes and gels for local drug delivery.

PDF Share
  1. Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, et al. Classification of diseases and conditions affecting the periodontium. Carranza's Clin Periodontol 2012. pp. 51–71.
  2. Popova C, Dosseva-Panova V, Panov V. Microbiology of periodontal diseases. A review. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 2013;27(3): 3754–3759. DOI: 10.5504/BBEQ.2013.0027.
  3. Nordland P, Garrett S, Kiger R, et al. The effect of plaque control and root debridement in molar teeth. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14(4): 231–236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1987.tb00972.x.
  4. Apatzidou DA, Kinane DF. Nonsurgical mechanical treatment strategies for periodontal disease. Dent Clin North Am 2010;54(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2009.08.006.
  5. Gusberti FA, Syed SA, Lang NP. Combined antibiotic (metronidazole) and mechanical treatment effects on the subgingival bacterial flora of sites with recurrent periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1988;15(6):353–359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1988.tb01011.x.
  6. Carvalho LH, D'Avila GB, Leão A, et al. Scaling and root planing, systemic metronidazole and professional plaque removal in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in a Brazilian population II–microbiological results. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32(4):406–411. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00720.x.
  7. Macy E, Poon KYT. Self-reported antibiotic allergy incidence and prevalence: Age and sex effects. Am J Med 2009;122(8):778. e1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.034.
  8. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats. Pharmacy Therapeut 2015;40(4):277. PMID: 25859123.
  9. Edlund C, Nord CE. Effect on the human normal microflora of oral antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46 Suppl 1:41–48. PMID: 11051623.
  10. Bhushan SK, Chauhan G, Disha N, et al. Treatment of Periodontal Disease – A Herbal Approach. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015;33: 126–136.
  11. Palombo EA. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:680354. DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep067.
  12. Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evidence-Based Complement Alternat Med 2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7382506.
  13. Mistry KS, Sanghvi Z, Parmar G, et al. The antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica, Mimusops elengi, Tinospora cardifolia, Ocimum sanctum and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate on common endodontic pathogens: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2014;8(2):172. DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.130591.
  14. Botelho MA, dos Santos RA, Martins JG, et al. Efficacy of a mouthrinse based on leaves of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) in the treatment of patients with chronic gingivitis: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Med Plants Res 2008;2(11):341–346.
  15. Patel VK, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H. Folklore therapeutic indigenous plants in periodontal disorders in India (review, experimental and clinical approach). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1988;26:176–184. PMID: 3042642.
  16. Cui Y, Lieber CM. Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 2001;291(5505): 851–853. DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5505.851.
  17. Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, et al. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnol Biol Med 2007;3(1):95–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001.
  18. Iravani S, Korbekandi H, Mirmohammadi SV, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Chemical, physical and biological methods. Res Pharmaceut Sci 2014;9(6):385. PMID: 26339255.
  19. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, et al. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise. J Adv Res 2016;7(1):17–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007.
  20. Liao C, Li Y, Tjong SC. Bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of silver nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20(2):449. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020449.
  21. Panpaliya NP, Dahake PT, Kale YJ, et al. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial property of silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine against five different oral pathogenic bacteria. Saudi Dental J 2019;31(1):76–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.10.004.
  22. Sirisha P, Gayathri GV, Dhoom SM, et al. Antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles synthesised with ocimum sanctum leaf extract on periodontal pathogens. J Oral Health Dent Sci 2017;1:106.
  23. Verma A, Mehata MS. Controllable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Neem leaves and their antimicrobial activity. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2016;9(1):109–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.11.001.
  24. Anaya-Esparza LM, Ramos-Aguirre D, Zamora-Gasga VM, et al. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Justicia spicigera leaves. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018;27(4):1093–102. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0350-0.
  25. Rout Y, Behera S, Ojha AK, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (Tulashi) and study of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. J Microbiol Antimicrob 2012;4(6):103–109. DOI: 10.5897/JMA11.060.
  26. Shubham, Bhardwaj U, Sharma N, et al. Evaluation of potent hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of Azadirachta Indica for isolation and identification of anti-helminthic compound. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2016;5(5):88–95.
  27. Sajesh Kumar NK, Vazhacharickal PJ, Mathew JJ, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) extract and its antibacterial activity. CIB Tech J Biotechnol 2015;4(2): 20–31.
  28. Joany RM, Shanthy P, Mary AC, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using neem extract. Int J Nano Corr Sci Engg 2015;2(2):1.
  29. Izui S, Sekine S, Maeda K, et al. Antibacterial activity of curcumin against periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodontol 2016;87(1):83–90. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150260.
  30. Noor AA. Dose response curve of plants extracts against the human pathogens. Gomal Univ J Res 2011;27(2):1–17.
  31. Gupta SC, Prasad S, Tyagi AK, et al. Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine 2017;34:14–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.001.
  32. Hosny NS, El Khodary SA, El Boghdadi RM, et al. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) versus 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants on the intensity of post-operative pain and the amount of endotoxins in mandibular molars with necrotic pulps: A randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J 2021;54(9):1434–1447. DOI: 10.1111/iej.13532.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.