Aims: This study investigated the effect of injection of adipose stem cells (ASCs) on the expression of type VII and VIII collagen in Wistar rat's gingiva. Adipose stem cells can modulate the immune system, angiogenesis, wound healing, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Materials and methods: Ten Wistar rats aged three months were divided into two groups: the treatment group and the control group. The Wistar's gingival sulcus between the two incisor teeth was wounded with curettage. In the control group, PBS 1 × 10⁶ was injected, meanwhile, the treatment group was injected with ASCs 1 × 10⁶, then the Wistar rats were terminated on the 14th day and the expression of type VII and VIII collagen was observed, and examined using the immunohistochemical method. Results: In Wistar rats injected with ASCs, collagen VIII increased more than type VII collagen. Conclusion: Adipose stem cells can increase the expression of collagen VIII compared to collagen VII. Clinical significance: Adipose stem cells can influence collagen VII and VIII expression because ASCs release growth factors to restore damaged tissue. Collagen VIII increased more than type VII collagen because type VIII collagen contains integrin receptors, which aid in extracellular protein matrix interactions. Adipose stem cells have multiple signal recognition molecules on the cell membrane, which can be used as potential carriers for drug delivery. So ASCs can be used as an effective and promising method for periodontal treatment.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a combination of immediate implant placement with maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA) solely using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on guided bone regeneration. Materials and methods: An interventional before-after (pre–post) study design was used with 30 dental patients (≥18 years of age; 14 males and 16 females) with initial bone heights ranging between 4 and 6 mm. Following the general check-up and the creation of a study model, the planned implant location demonstrated an external right maxilla diameter of more than 5 mm, thereby validating the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiograph. The next step is the sinus lift operation, followed by the placement of dental implants. Production of PRF: 30 mL of venous blood was extracted and separated into three layers. The PRF was inserted into the space formed by the sinus floor and sinus membrane, and the flap was secured. The procedure involved creating an opening in the bone, separating the sinus membrane from the sinus floor, and making holes for implant insertion. The primary stability of the implant was assessed using an ISQ measurement device. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were taken and compared preoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, and follow-up assessments after 3 days, 7 days, and 6 months. And showed initial stability, pain, infection, blood bruises, peri-implant inflammation, osseointegration, bone loss around the implant, changes in bone thickness and sinus mucosa, and problems during the procedure. The Chi-squared test tested initial stability, whereas the paired sample t-test analyzed bone width and height changes. Results: The study assessed the initial stability of a dental implant using bone density, with bones classified as D2 showing the strongest stability (76.7%). Three days after surgery, 26.7% of patients experienced mild pain, which decreased to 6.7% after 7 days. Six months later, the implant site showed no pain, no inflammation, and no bone loss. The ISQ was greater than 70, indicating strong integration with the surrounding bone. The thickness of the sinus membrane mucosa and alveolar bone changed significantly, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) in breadth and height. Sinus membrane perforation, hemorrhage, and flap tear were observed at a rate of 16.7%. Conclusion: Exclusively using PRF was highly effective in augmenting the bone level during maxillary sinus lift surgery (MSA), especially for immediate implant-supported rehabilitation purposes. Clinical significance: This study highlights the significance of using PRF to promote healing and enhance the thickness of bone in MSA without a bone graft in immediate implant placement.

Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional prospective study was to evaluate the bone density changes around the bicortical corticobasal implant placed in the maxilla over 18 months of follow-up using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), focusing on the comparison between the anterior and posterior teeth and regions. Materials and methods: Thirty-five subjects (20, 53.26%, were males, and 15, 46.73%, were females) received 380 implants (Basal Cortical Screwable implant, BCS®) at Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, India. Implant survival and success were assessed using Albrektsson criteria for implant success. The peri-implant bone density values were measured using CBCT (Vatech PaX-i 3d Smart) and InVivo software (Anatomage, San Jose, California, USA) at the baseline (immediate postoperative) and at the 18-month follow-up visit. For standardization purposes, the bone density values for only the maxillary implants were measured at the level of the second implant thread in four sites: buccal, mesial, distal, and palatal, respectively. The recorded data were tabulated and grouped according to the tooth's region (anterior/posterior) and sites (mesial, distal, buccal, and palatal). Results: The implant's survival rate was 100%. After 18 months, the bone density increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the sites in both anterior and posterior regions. The study's findings revealed a higher bone density increase in the posterior region compared to the anterior region after 18 months of follow-up, except for the palatal site. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, an increase in the peri-implant bone density has been associated with the use of corticobasal implants over time, with reported anterior/posterior regional variations. Clinical significance: This study provides valuable insights into the bone density changes associated with bicortical corticobasal implants and emphasizes the importance of CBCT in evaluating bone density, as well as the significance of regional considerations in implant dentistry. By integrating these findings into clinical practice, clinicians can improve treatment outcomes and ensure long-term implant survival.

Aim: This study aims to identify introvert and extrovert personality types among level-6 dental students in the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, and analyze their clinical performance. Materials and methods: In this causal–comparative research, 72 level-6 dental students (29 males and 43 females) of the College of Dentistry of Jazan University for the school year 2023–2024 were chosen to be the respondents. Myers–Briggs type indicator (MBTI), a personality test designed to differentiate introversion and extroversion, was used. Two independent variables were compared in accordance with the average grades in their clinical performance. Results: The average grade of introvert dental students was 83.54 ± 7.57, with a median of 85.06, and that of extrovert dental students was 84.03 ± 7.01, with a median of 86.9. The p-value was calculated to be 0.917, and a significance level of 0.05 was used for comparison. Conclusion: Clinical performance was not significantly different between introvert and extrovert dental students. Clinical significance: Awareness of personality differences of members of a dental team is vital to help translate every weakness into a workable strength so that the treatment plan for each patient will be delivered with utmost quality and excellence.

Aim: This study evaluates long-term shear bond strength (SBS) and enamel micro cracks (MCs) healing after using adhesive pre-coated brackets (APC). Materials and methods: A total of eighty extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 20 per group): Control group: Teeth underwent indentation but no bracket bonding; group II: Teeth were subjected to indentation without exposure to thermocycling; group III: Teeth experienced both indentation and thermocycling; group IV: No indentation was applied to the teeth; groups III and IV were further divided into two subgroups to simulate different clinical timelines: Subgroup A (n = 10): Teeth underwent 5,000 thermocycles, equivalent to six months of clinical use. Subgroup B (n = 10): Teeth were subjected to 10,000 thermocycles, representing 12 months of use. All precoated brackets underwent debonding with a universal testing machine to assess the SBS, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored to evaluate the amount of adhesive left on the tooth surface. The study also examined horizontal and vertical enamel cracks, both pre- and post-intervention, across all groups. Crack healing was quantitatively assessed using computer-assisted digital image analysis to ensure precision. For statistical evaluation, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H-test, and Tukey's post-hoc tests were applied to assess differences among the groups. Results: The Kruskal–Wallis H-test demonstrated no significant ARI difference between the groups (p = 0.790). A one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference among all groups (p < 0.001), with lower values observed in the group with indentation without thermocycling compared to all other groups and the groups with 5,000 thermocycles compared to the groups with, 10,000 thermocycles. Crack healing was observed in the control and second groups, and cracks were directly proportional to the number of thermocycles and SBS values. Conclusion: The study showed that APC FF's SBS increased, and thermal aging did not change the failure pattern. Thermocyclers and SBS affected enamel cracks. Clinical significance: The bond strength of pre-coated brackets and microcrack healing gradually increased with time, while the pattern of bond failure did not change.

Objective: To evaluate the shear strength of adhesives based on the type of solvent (ethanol and acetone), aged and light-cured using light-emitting diode (LED) units with different wavelengths. Polywave and monowave LED units were employed for this in vitro study. Materials and methods: Ninety bovine tooth samples were analyzed using OptiBond Universal adhesive (acetone) and single bond universal adhesive (ethanol). The samples underwent an aging process before being light-cured with different programs of polywave LED units (high-power, low-power, soft start) and monowave. Shear strength was measured using an Instron® Universal testing machine, with statistical analysis performed using ANOVA and the student's t-test. Results: The adhesive with ethanol solvent, light-cured with polywave in high-power mode, achieved an average of 11.06 MPa, while low-power and soft start modes yielded 7.23 MPa and 10.82 MPa, respectively. The adhesive with acetone solvent, light-cured in high-power mode, had an average shear strength of 14.27 MPa, compared to 12.71 MPa in low-power mode and 12.92 MPa in soft start mode. No statistically significant differences were observed between the mean shear strengths of the groups treated with polywave and monowave LED units (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The shear strength of adhesives with ethanol and acetone solvents varies depending on the light-curing program used, but no significant differences were found between the solvents when cured with polywave and monowave LED units. The choice of solvent type and light-curing program may influence adhesion properties. Clinical significance: A careful selection of solvent and light-curing techniques for adhesives can enhance the quality and durability of dental restorations, improving adhesion and reducing micro leakage.

Aim: The study aimed to subject two groups of visually challenged children to Braille and audio-tactile performance (ATP) techniques of oral health education and compare the effectiveness of each technique through a comparison of OHI-S index scores. Materials and methods: 30 visually challenged children of 6–12 years belonging to a Government-aided blind school were divided into two study groups based on the method of oral health education (n = 15). Group I received oral hygiene instructions in Braille while group II received instructions through audio clips, tactile sensations of tooth models, and closely supervised performance of brushing technique. OHI-S index was measured pre- and 2 months postintervention and compared between groups. Data was recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: At the end of the study, both the groups showed a decrease in mean OHI-S index scores (Braille—1.286 vs 0.903; ATP—1.364 vs 1.058). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups indicating that no method was superior or more effective to the other. No statistically significant difference was observed between males and females as well. Conclusion: Improvement in oral hygiene was exhibited by both the groups at the end of the study and the groups did not significantly differ from each other. No difference was found between males and females in each group. Clinical significance: By adapting oral health education methods appropriate for the visually challenged children and providing regular reinforcements of the same, the oral hygiene status of this vulnerable population could be improved bringing equity in oral health and realizing the goal of inclusive dentistry.

Aim: This study intended to comprehend the effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on anchor loss and space closure rates during the retraction phase of orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: Twenty-four participants with malocclusion, necessitating extractions and space closure during orthodontic treatment, were enrolled and divided into two groups (n = 12 participants) group A: the experimental group was administered i-PRF on the maxilla/mandible, while group B: the control group did not. Measurements of the rate of space closure, anchor loss, and salivary enzyme activity were done before retraction (T0), after three weeks (T1), after six weeks (T2), and after nine weeks (T3). The Mann–Whitney and the independent Student's t-test were used to compare continuous variables among groups. Results: Four participants were lost to follow-up in each group with eight participants remaining in the respective groups. The rate of space closure in the maxillary arch was 1.4 ± 1.9 mm at T3 intervals with the baseline value (T0) 10.8 ± 3.01 mm, and the rate of anchor loss was 0.57 mm at T3 intervals for group A. In group B, space closure at T0 was 11.1 ± 2.0 mm and 4.9 ± 1.5 mm at T3 while anchor loss of 0.57 mm at T3 intervals, respectively. In the mandibular arch, the rate of space closure was 2.6 ± 2.0 mm at T3 intervals, with the baseline value (T0) 9.5 ± 2.5 mm, and the rate of anchor loss was 0.325 mm at T3 for group A. In group B, space closure at T0 (baseline) were 10.0 ± 2.7 mm and 4.7 ± 2.3 at T3 mm, and anchor loss was 0.37 mm at T3 intervals, respectively. Space closure rate in the maxilla is significant statistically at intervals T2 and T3 and in the mandible is significant statistically at intervals T2, the anchor loss in both the arch is statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In both maxillary and mandibular arches, the experimental group showed accelerated tooth movement compared to the control group, although statistical significance was not achieved in the mandible. There were no apparent differences in anchor loss between the two groups. Clinical significance: The use of i-PRF in orthodontic treatment significantly enhances the rate of space closure and reduces the overall treatment. Injectable platelet-rich fibrin can be a safe adjunct to orthodontic treatment, providing benefits without compromising anchorage stability and aiming to optimize orthodontic treatment efficiency.

Aim: To perform a bibliometric study of periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) focusing on trends, collaborative efforts, and emerging patterns. Materials and methods: From January 2018 to May 2024, an observational study was carried out utilizing metadata extracted from the Scopus database. A search methodology, specifically designed for this database, was developed using MeSH terms combined with Boolean operators such as “AND” and “OR”. The Bibliometrix tool was employed to facilitate the study, using indicators including the number of citations and publications, the authorship of the publication, the country of origin, the year of publication, the type of publication, the H-index, WorldMap, Sankey diagram, keyword analysis, topic evolution, and scientific findings. Results: A total of 50.7 and 27.3% of the publications were in Q1 and Q2 quartile journals. The University of Central Lancashire has the most publications (17), but the University of California at San Francisco has the highest impact (1545 citations per publication). The journal Periodontology 2000 had a total of 643 citations per publication. Sim Kaur Singhrao (16) and Ingar Olsen (10) were the authors with the most publications, whereas Eric C Reynolds had the highest impact with 1,300 citations. Conclusions: This bibliometric study found a gradual growth in publications, with the highest number of studies during 2021 and 2022, followed by a decrease in subsequent years, with Q1 and Q2 journals predominating. In terms of scientific productivity, the United States is the leading country in this area of research. The journal Periodontology 2000 had the highest number of citations, demonstrating the particular interest of periodontology in studying the association between periodontal disease and systemic diseases. Clinical significance: The present study is significant because the relationship between periodontitis and Alzheimer is currently considered a novel multidisciplinary research opportunity, given that it includes both medical and dental specialties. This research also provides a valuable contribution to academics, universities, and research centers because it will allow us to understand trends and new research horizons and identify the most productive authors.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the interchangeability of newly acquired, short-term used, and long-term used semi-adjustable articulators. Materials and methods: Metal analogs of partially dentate maxillary and mandibular arches were mounted on twelve semi-adjustable Stratos 300 articulators, divided into three groups based on usage over time: New, short-term used (<2 years), long-term used (>2 years) articulators. Each articulator was calibrated according to manufacturer guidelines, ensuring consistency. Occlusal contact forces were recorded using a T-scan III device with a pressure-mapping sensor. Maximum intercuspation (MIP) contact magnitudes were recorded by two calibrated examiners at 10-second intervals, ensuring reliable data collection across all conditions. Results: In MIP, tooth #9 consistently exhibited the highest contact percentages across all articulator conditions, with percentages of 22.2% in the new articulator, 21.8% in the short-term used articulators, and 21.5% in long-term used articulators, indicating stable contact force distribution. Tooth #12 consistently showed the lowest MIP contact percentages, suggesting minimal occlusal force in this region due to its absence. Contact forces, measured at 10-second intervals, showed no significant differences among the different articulator conditions in MIP (p > 0.01). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the calibrated Stratos 300 semi-adjustable articulator maintained superior accuracy over time. Clinical significance: The study confirms that the calibrated Stratos 300 semi-adjustable articulators provide consistent and accurate occlusal measurements over time, regardless of their usage over time.

Aim: The present in vitro study is aimed to compare the effectiveness of dentinal tubule occlusion of two natural-based desensitizing toothpaste (Bentodent Desensitizer and Fang Farm Mint) and Novamin-based toothpaste (Shy-NM) under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and methods: A total of 60 root dentin discs (3 mm-thick) were obtained from recently extracted permanent premolar teeth and were randomly divided into four groups based on the desensitizing toothpaste used, each group with 15 samples: Group I: Control, group II: Shy-NM, group III: Bentodent desensitizer, group IV: Fang Farm Mint. Samples were brushed for 2 min twice daily with a soft toothbrush with respective pea size amount of toothpaste for 14 days manually. The samples were evaluated for dentin tubule occlusion under SEM at ×4000 magnification. Results: Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc multiple procedures. All test groups showed significantly more dentinal tubule occlusion when compared to control group. Shy-NM showed significantly more dentinal tubule occlusion when compared to Bentodent desensitizer and Fang Farm Mint. Conclusion: All desensitizing toothpastes were effective in dentine tubule occlusion compared to the control group. Shy-NM provides effective dentin tubule occlusion compared to other toothpastes and thereby can be considered a promising option to relieve dentinal hypersensitivity (DH). Clinical significance: Shy-NM can effectively reduce DH. Bentodent desensitizer and Fang Farm Mint can be a safer alternative to relieve DH.

Aim: This study aimed to assess if the addition of origanum oil to denture materials could decrease microorganisms counts and biofilm formation without changing their mechanical/surface properties. Materials and methods: A total of 66 resilient denture liner discs (SoftConfort, Dencril Comércio de Plásticos Ltda, SP, Brazil) were prepared with fixed dimensions of 10 × 3 mm for biofilm assay (n = 36) and 12 × 2 mm for sorption-solubility tests (n = 30) containing three oil concentrations – 0, 2.5 and 5%, thereby n = 12 per each group samples for biofilm assay and n = 10 per each group for sorption-solubility test respectively. While the microcosm biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Candida species, and total microorganisms formed on denture liner were counted and expressed as colony-forming units per disc surface area, the water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), was calculated by weighing the samples with an analytical balance at different intervals after storing them in a desiccator and distilled water alternatively. Data was recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: Surface roughness increased in all groups after biofilm formation (p < 0.001), with the most significant change observed in the 2.5% oil group. The tested oil concentrations did not result in sorption changes, but a 5% oil concentration resulted in higher solubility (p < 0.001). A reduction of total microorganisms and S. mutans was seen after 24 hours for all concentrations (p < 0.05). No significant reduction was found for Candida (C.) albicans after 24 hours, whilst 2.5% oil concentration presented lower counts of C. albicans in comparison to the 5% group after 24 hours (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Incorporating 2.5% origanum essential oil into resilient denture liners seems to reduce microorganisms count in a complex biofilm model. These results need to be confirmed in future studies. Clinical significance: The addition of natural products like origanum oil into denture-based materials can help manage biofilm onset and development while offering a simple and effective approach for maintaining denture hygiene. This strategy enhances the antimicrobial properties of denture liners without significantly altering their mechanical and surface characteristics, potentially improving patient outcomes.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the mixing efficacy and cost-effectiveness of new T-mixer tips against the standard double helical tips for a light-body elastomeric impression and a temporary/interim restorative material using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Methodology: Automixed samples (n = 16) were divided into four groups of four samples each: Samples that were mixed with Helical tip for elastomer, T-mixer tip for elastomer, Helical tip for interim restorative material, and T-mixer tip for interim restorative material. These samples were then evaluated for SEM analysis. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was conducted on three random surface spots and two cross-section spots. Tests for detail reproduction using ADA Specification 19 die and surface roughness using a stylus were also performed. Data were recorded and statistically analyzed. (Kindly mention whether the details of reproduction and surface roughness for all the groups are considered. Also, explain what factors SEM and EDS evaluate that contribute to the evaluation of mixing efficiency). Results: For elastomer surface sample EDS analysis, the p-values were 0.180 (carbon) and 0.065 (silicone). Cross-section samples showed p-values of 0.343 (carbon and silicone). For temporary restorative material EDS analysis, surface p-values were 0.180 (carbon) and 0.394 (silicone), and cross-section p-values were 0.886 (carbon) and 0.686 (silicone). The groups mixed using T-mixer tips showed no change in the mixing efficacy as compared to the group mixed using helical tips for both materials. The p-values for cost-effectiveness were 0.021 for both elastomeric and Protemp temporary restorative material. The groups mixed using T-mixer tips saved more material than groups mixed using the helical tip. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the mixing efficacy between T-mixer and helical tips for both materials. However, T-mixer tips are more cost-effective than helical tips. Clinical significance: The present study would help clinicians make a better choice of selecting the mixing tips when it comes to function as well as cost. The new T-mixer tips are proven to provide a better solution compared to helical tips, which not only would save the clinicians’ cost of impression materials and interim restorative materials but also render the same homogeneity as that of the helical tips. The electron microscopic analysis provided a better insight into the homogeneity and hence the mixing efficacy of the samples. The detail reproduction and surface roughness were some additional parameters that weren't a part of the original study model. They were included for the addition of credibility to the conducted study and provided adjunctive results to those obtained by SEM and EDAX analysis.

Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of build orientation on the mechanical and physical properties of additively manufactured resin using digital light processing (DLP). Background: The properties of 3D-printed materials are influenced by various factors, including the type of additive manufacturing (AM) system and build orientation. There is a scarcity of literature on the effect of build orientation on the mechanical and physical properties of additively manufactured resins using DLP technology in dentistry. Methods: This study followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. The formulated population, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) question was “What is the effect of build orientation on the mechanical and physical properties of additively manufactured resins produced using DLP in dentistry.” The search strategy used three main electronic databases and an additional manual search was done until February 2024. All the studies that evaluated the correlation of build orientation and the properties of printed resin using DLP were included. Two different analysis was used for in vivo and in vitro studies to assess the risk of bias. Review results: On search 237 studies were yielded for systematic review, out of which 13 studies were included for the systematic review evaluation. On evaluation and reviewing the included studies, though the build orientation angle influenced the properties of printed resins the results obtained were varied as 90° angle had increased compressive strength, low surface roughness, and best accuracy. The 0° angle had better wear resistance, tensile strength, and high flexural strength. There was no influence of build orientation on microhardness, shear bond strength, gloss and color difference. The studies on denture base showed that 45° build angle showed the truest with best accuracy. Conclusion: The build orientation angle effects on both the mechanical and physical properties of the additively manufactured resin but varies with each property. The build orientation can be chosen based on the type of properties to be achieved based on the treatment modality. Clinical significance: Based on the systematic review results the specific build orientation angle should be used during fabrication of any denture designs, crowns, and bridges as it is correlated with the properties to be achieved by particular designs.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the impact of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on pain, swelling, trismus, soft tissue healing and bone regeneration following mandibular third molar extraction. Material and methods: A systematic review was conducted from a period of January 2014 to June 2024 using PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, using key terms related to “PRF”, “PRP”, oral surgery, and third molars. PICO criteria followed were - Patient and population (P): Patient with mandibular third molar impacted tooth. Intervention (I): PRF; Comparator or control group (C): PRP; Outcomes (O): Impact on pain, swelling, trismus, soft tissue healing and bone regeneration following mandibular third molar extraction. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) quality assessment tool was also employed. Data was extracted and analyzed. Results: Six articles met the inclusion criteria. Both materials showed potential in promoting bone and soft tissue regeneration. Out of which 1 was a split-mouth prospective clinical study, 3 were split-mouth comparative study, 2 were unilateral randomized comparative prospective study. While four studies showed a significant improvement in the soft tissue wound healing and increase in bone density in PRF site comparatively, two studies showed no significant difference between PRF and PRP with regard to pain, trismus, swelling and bone formation in the third molar extraction socket region after the placement. Based on NHLBI quality assessment tool, all the studies scored predominantly one, and hence were found good. Conclusion: Both “PRF” and “PRP” positively influence healing after mandibular third molar extraction. Platelet-rich fibrin offers an advantage due to its ease of preparation and complete autologous nature. Clinical significance: The impacted third molars created a variety of problems and required their extraction. Because mandibular third molars have denser cortical bone, they are more likely to experience postoperative complications. Successful surgical extraction typically occurs between ages 24 and 30, but outcomes vary based on several factors, including operator experience and patient characteristics. Recent advancements emphasize the role of oxygen and growth factors in wound healing, particularly “PRP” and “PRF”.