To study, whether the consumption of regular tea/coffee (methylxanthines) increases the risk of oral cancer in patients with smoking and smokeless tobacco habits.

This study was conducted on a total of 90 oral cancer and precancerous patients, from western Maharashtra (India) males in the age group of 20 to 45 years who were with smoking and smokeless tobacco habits; also regular tea/coffee consumers were subjected to biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) from saliva and serum of patients with oral precancer (submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia) and oral cancer patients and compared with 90-age and sex-matched controls. Individuals consent was taken to measure their biochemical parameters, by using Hafkenscheid method in whole saliva and serum. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's correction for multiple group comparisons was performed using Student t-test.

Results show, that a statistically significant increase in value (p < 0.05) in ALT, AST in both saliva and serum was observed in precancerous and oral cancer patients among the study group as compared to the control group.

In the present study, there was increase in the levels of ALT, AST enzymes in both saliva and serum levels in the study group as compared to the control group which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) suggesting that long-term exposure of methylxanthines results in impairment of salivary gland antioxidant system which may affect the anticarcinogenic action of saliva.

Oral fluids may be utilized effectively to study the variations in the biochemical constituents of saliva of leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and oral cancer patients.

Zubairy YF, Patil VW, Benjamin T, Jangam D, Bijle MNA, Patil S. Effect of Methylxanthines (Coffee/ tea Consumers) on Oral Precancer and Oral Cancer Patients with Smoking and Smokless Tobacco Habits. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):745-748.

To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three commercially available intense sweeteners against two common periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Three commercially available intense sweeteners namely saccharin, aspartame and sucralose were obtained and powdered. Necessary concentrations of the sweeteners were prepared by mixing them with an inert solvent. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using agar well diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

All the three sweeteners showed significant antimicrobial activity against the periodontal pathogens tested. Sucralose containing sucralose showed maximum zone of inhibition, against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Saccharin and aspartame containing saccharin and aspartame respectively, showed maximum zone of inhibition, against Porphyromonas gingivalis.

All the sweeteners used in this study have demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity. Therefore, these sweeteners could be recommended as an ideal alternative to sucrose.

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are ubiquitous diseases of mankind caused by microorganisms. Dental caries is caused by sucrose. By altering the source like intense sweetener we can combat caries as well as with its antimicrobial properties against periodontopathic bacteria, we can reduce prevalence of periodontal diseases.

Prashant GM, Patil RB, Nagaraj T, Patel VB. The Antimicrobial Activity of the Three Commercially Available Intense Sweeteners against Common Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(6):749-752.

Fermentable carbohydrates and microorganisms in the plaque play a significant role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Oral clearance of sugars and salivary pH is affected by the presence of plaque.

This study was conducted to study the effect of the presence of plaque on the salivary clearance of sucrose and on salivary pH.

The study design was of a randomized controlled parallel group clinical trial and included two groups: The control group and plaque group, as follows: Control group— subjects without plaque and plaque group—subjects with plaque. Salivary sucrose determination was done by using the anthrone technique. A digital pH meter estimated the salivary pH. The Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the intergroup differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for analysis.

The salivary sucrose clearance time was increased by presence of plaque.

The presence of plaque led to increased salivary sucrose concentrations and increased the salivary sucrose clearance time.

The dental caries is the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrates, saliva and cariogenic potential of the dental plaque. Caries occur preferentially in the dentition sites characterized by high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effect.

Pradhan D, Jain D, Gulati A, Kolhe SJ, Baad R, Rao BS. Effect of the Presence of Dental Plaque on Oral Sugar Clearance and Salivary pH: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):753-755.

Ten freshly extracted, noncarious, human maxillary central incisors extracted for periodontal reasons were used in this study. The labial surface of the disinfected teeth were polished using a polishing paste with the help of rubber cup and a slow speed handpiece. Each tooth was sectioned at cement-enamel junction and the crown was separated into four specimens, all taken from labial surface. Group 1 was treated with Colgate Platinum for 7 hours, group 2 with Opalescence for 7 hours, group 3 was treated with 30% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds and group 4 was untreated and used as control. After the treatment period, the specimens were washed with normal saline and stored in sterile bottle and sealed. Photomicrographs obtained from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after surface treatments were examined for no alteration, slight alteration, moderate alteration and severe alterations.

The specimens treated with commercial bleaching agents revealed no enamel surface morphologic alterations compared to control group. The specimen treated with phosphoric acid showed severe alterations.

Ten percent carbamide peroxide evaluated in this study does not etch tooth enamel or alter enamel surface morphology as do conventional etching techniques.

Carbamine peroxide is a safe and effective tooth whitening agent even when used for extended period of time. The enamel surface remains smooth which reduces caries due to plaque collection.

Uthappa R, Suprith ML, Bhandary S, Dash S. A Comparative Study of Different Bleaching Agents on the Morphology of Human Enamel: An in vitro SEM Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):756-759.

To correlate the changes in the level of female sex hormones (progesterone, estrogen) in plasma with the changes in severity of gingivitis in various trimesters of pregnancy till the postparturition.

This study comprised of 20 pregnant women with good oral hygiene who were followed up in each trimester till 3rd month of postpartum by screening their oral hygiene status following OHI-S index by Greene and Vermillion. Clinically to correlate gingivitis, gingival index by Loe and Sillness was carried out in each trimester till postpartum. For hormonal assay, blood sampling by venipuncture was done and quantative analysis of the hormones was done by ELISA test.

The severity of gingivitis gradually increased and reached its peak in 3rd trimester followed by sudden decline in the severity in postpartum which correlated with gradual increase in the plasma level of progesterone and estrogen levels to reach their peak in the 3rd trimester and sudden fall after the postpartum. This study shows the role of female sex hormones in aggravating gingivitis to its peak in the 3rd trimester, even though the oral hygiene remains fairly good constantly.

This study signifies the gingivitis status during different trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum indicating the general practitioner to take appropriate oral hygiene measures.

Nayak R, Choudhury GK, Prakash S, Deshpande S, Ashok KP, Spoorthi BR. The Role of Plasma Female Sex Hormones on Gingivitis in Pregnancy: A Clinicobiochemical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6): 760-763.

The aim is to compare and evaluate the airway dimension changes, adenoidal nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR), airway area and airway percentage in patients in pre- and postadenoidectomy with normal individuals.

After obtaining informed consent, a sample of 15 patients (eight males and seven females) of 7 to 12 years were selected for adenoidectomy by an otolaryngologist, lateral cephalograms were taken in natural head position before adenoidectomy and after 1 month postadenoidectomy. Statastical analysis was done to evaluate the results using Statastical Package for Social Sciences. Results showed airway (P1, P2, P3, P4), airway percentage, airway area showed singinficant increase (p < 0.0001), whereas ANR showed singnificant reduction after 1 month postadenoidectomy.

One month postadenoidectomy showed increased airway area, airway percentage and reduced ANR.

Obstructive mouth breathing due to adenoids in growing children can cause alteration in craniofacial morphology leading to adenoid facies, adenoidectomy procedure helps in alleviating the obstruction and facilitates the normal growth of craniofacial complex.

Reddy JT, Korath VA, Adamala NR, Adusumilli G, Pichai S, Varma KVVP. Cephalometric Evaluation of Oropharyngeal Airway Dimension Changes in Pre- and Postadenoidectomy Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(6):764-768.

From the ancient time, neem used to be the traditional medicine for many diseases and was mainly used for cleaning the oral cavity. The incidence of dental caries was less a few decades ago but now the incidence of caries is very aggressive. This might be due to change in dietary habits, life style and more tendency toward processed food. The objective of this study is to find out the truth that if the neem is really efficacious against caries-inducing microorganisms, mainly Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis.

The dried neem sticks ground into a coarse powder and weighed into 5, 10 and 50 gm were added to 100 ml of deionized double distilled water. After soaking for 2 days, the water was filtered at 4°C and the fine filtrate was inoculated onto blood agar plates contains individual species of microorganisms and incubated at 37°C for 2 days.

At maximum concentrations, neem extract has shown the maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mutans. At less concentration, the efficacy of neem has shown some inhibition of growth for all the four species of microorganisms.

Neem chewing provides the maximum benefits. Hence, the use of chewing sticks of neem can be recommended.

Chava VR, Manjunath SM, Rajanikanth AV, Sridevi N. The Efficacy of Neem Extract on Four Microorganisms Responsible for causing Dental Caries viz Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):769-772.

To compare the fracture resistance of teeth prepared with rotary system and filled with single cone guttapercha followed by lateral condensation with different sealers like zinc oxide eugenol and resin based (AH26) to that of resilon.

A total number of 70 extracted intact human permanent maxillary incisors were selected. All prepared samples were divided into one control group (n = 10) and three experimental groups (n = 20 per group). Group 1 control. This group received no obturation; the root canal opening was sealed with a temporary filling material (Cavit, Premier Dental Products, Plymouth Meeting, PA) Group 2: Gutta-Percha and zinc oxide Eugenol sealer. Group 3: Gutta-Percha and AH26 sealer. (DiaDent, Korea) dipped in AH26 sealer. Group 4: Resilon cones and RealSeal Resin Sealer. Obturation was accomplished using a 0.06 taper size 40 gutta-percha master point. All the root samples were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 2 weeks to allow the sealer to set completely. The root samples were then prepared for mechanical testing and the data was recorded and analyzed statistically.

One-way ANOVA and Post hoc test (Duncan Multiple range test) were employed to determine possible statistical variation among the groups tested in this study. The force for group 2 was significantly greater than that for the control group 1 (no obturation). The force for group 3 was significantly greater than that for group 2. The force for group 4 was significantly greater than that for group 3. All other groupwise comparisons were not significant at 5% level. Group 4 seemed to have the greatest force among the three groups of interest in the study.

Root canals filled with Resilon increased the in vitro resistance of single canal extracted teeth compared to other experimental groups. The mean fracture resistance value for the experimental groups in ascending order was as follows: Root canals instrumented but not filled, filled with gutta-percha and zinc oxide eugenol sealer, filled with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer and filled with Resilon.

Resilon is a promising material for reinforcement of endodontically treated teeth.

Vishwanathan PK, Muliyar S, Chavan P, Reddy PM, Reddy TPK, Nilawar S. Comparative Evaluation of the Fracture Resistance of Teeth prepared with Rotary System, filled with single Cone Gutta-percha and Laterally Condensed with Zinc Oxide Eugenol and Resin based (AH26) Sealers to that of Resilon. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):773-781.

The aim of this study was to study the anxiolytic effects of Ocimum sanctum stress-induced anxiety.

The study was carried out using male albino rats (200 ± 50 gm), male albino mice (25 ± 100) the effect of O. sanctum evaluated for anxiety and depression using forced swim test FST and rotarod test.

Restraint stress (3 hours/day for six consecutive days) induced a significant reduction. It was significantly decreases the mobility period during stress. The standard deviation values are 14.4 and 9.26 and is statistically significant (p = 0.001). In rotarod test, (a) increased latency and (b) decreased ambulation and rearing were also reversed by O. sanctum. A significant increase in immobility period was observed in FST and TST after restraint stress. O. sanctum and C. sinensis significantly reduced the immobility times of rats in FST and TST.

Ocimum sanctum possess significant antistress activity but the magnitude and efficacy for relieving stress is less, when compare to standard anxiolytic agent, i.e. Alprazolam.

Bathala LR, Rao CV, Manjunath SM, Vinuta S, Vemulapalli R. Efficacy of Ocimum sanctum for Relieving Stress: A Preclinical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):782-786.

Soft liners are mainly used with complete dentures in case of poor mucosal conditions and for the even distribution of masticatory forces. However, there is some doubt as to whether the elasticity of the soft liner disturbs masticatory function because denture wearers may need extra force to compress the soft liners, leading to muscle fatigue. So, this clinical study was done to evaluate and compare the masticatory performance in patients wearing complete dentures with and without the use of soft liners.

Twenty edentulous subjects were selected for the study. For each patient two sets of complete dentures were fabricated. First set without the use of soft liner and the second one for using with soft liner. Peanuts were selected as test food for the study and the chewed food was pooled for a single measurement and then poured on sieves. Both filter and filtrate were collected and was centrifuged. Masticatory performance in this study has been quantitated by dividing the volume of test food passing through the sieve by the total volume of test food recovered. The fraction is then expressed as a percent.

With the paired t-test performed, significant difference was found between the masticatory performance in patients wearing complete dentures with and without the use of soft liners. 5% difference was seen in the mean performance.

It has been concluded from this study that, masticatory performance in patients wearing complete dentures with the use of soft liners was improved by 5% when compared to the patients wearing complete dentures without using soft liners.

This present study indicates that the masticatory performance enhanced with the use of soft liners for complete denture patients.

Tata S, Nandeeshwar DB. A Clinical Study to Evaluate and Compare the Masticatory Performance in Complete Denture Wearers with and without Soft Liners. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):787-792.

Ever since the introduction of the minimal preparation fixed partial dentures, the major concern of the clinicians has been its longevity.

The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical performance of resin bonded cantilever bridges with conventional cantilever bridges for a period of 1 year and to evaluate the periodontal changes of abutment teeth using radio visio graphy.

Fourteen patients with missing first or second premolar were selected for the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups, conventional cantilever group and resin bonded cantilever group.

The results were analyzed using Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test. The clinical success rate for both the groups was 100%. The amount of bone loss at 6 months for conventional group was 0.11 mm and for resin bonded bridge group was 0.10 mm. The amount of bone loss at 1 year for conventional cantilever group was 0.14 mm and for resin bonded fixed partial denture group was 0.16 mm. There was no statistical difference between both the groups.

The results showed that the resin bonded cantilever bridges can be used for the treatment of missing posterior tooth.

Prasanna BG, Reddy KK, Harsha TVS, Ramesh GC. Clinical Evaluation of Conventional Cantilever and Resin Bonded Cantilever Fixed Partial Dentures: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):793-798.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of canine distraction and also to evaluate the position of canine in the arch after distraction.

The study sample consisted of five patients, (4 males and 1 female), in the age group of 14 to 25 years who needed canine retraction (ten maxillary canines including both left and right) and first premolar extraction as their treatment protocol were included in the study. This study used a in-house manufactured periodontal ligament distractor.

The maxillary canines were distracted distally by 6.42 mm in three and half weeks with a distal tipping of around 15.1° and the maxillary first molars tipped mesially by an average of 6.1°. The maxillary canines rotated mesiobucally by an average of 7.8° bilaterally. Conclusion: Canines can be distracted rapidly with minimal effects on the vitality and the periodontal condition and almost all of extraction space can be used for anterior dental alignment or retraction. Maxillary canines can be rapidly retracted into the first premolar extraction space at the rate of about 2.43 mm per week.

Canines can be distracted rapidly with minimal effects on the vitality and the periodontal condition and almost all of extraction space can be used for anterior dental alignment or retraction. Maxillary canines can be rapidly retracted into the first premolar extraction space at the rate of about 2.43 mm per week.

The overall treatment time is reduced as the time taken for retraction of canine is decreased considerably from 6 and 8 months to 3 weeks. Also there is no significant anchorage loss during this period and is well suitable for cases with group a anchorage where the whole extraction space is needed for retraction of anterior teeth.

Kumar KVS, Umashankar K, Kumar DP, Kumar DP. Evaluation of Canine Retraction through Distraction of the Periodontal Ligament: A Clinical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):799-805.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate clinical and radiological healing effects after treatment of class II furcation defects using bioresorbable periodontal mesh barriers.

The patients for the following study were selected from Outpatient, Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davanagere, Karnataka.

Inclusion criteria:

1. Patients with age group between 18 and 60 years.

2. Patients who were nonsmokers.

3. Patients who had not undergone any type of periodontal therapy 6 months prior to initial examination.

4. Patients diagnosed as advanced periodontitis having mandibular grade II furcation involvement (Glickman 1953) clinically and radiologically.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Patients who required antibiotic prophylaxis.

2. Patients allergic to tetracycline and/ or chlorhexidine.

3. Pregnant and lactating mother.

4. Patient showing unacceptable oral hygiene during presurgical (phase 1) therapy.

In this study clinical parameters were compared and attempt was made to compare the results radiographically too, with the limitations, the present study showed that the use of resorbable periodontal mesh barriers for GTR therapy at class II furcations resulted in reduction of furcation involvement.

Therefore it appears that a patient with class II furcations involvement benefits from barrier treatment, because results are superior to conventional treatment without barriers.

The present study was taken up to evaluate the clinical effects of GTR therapy of class II furcations using bioresorbable periodontal mesh barriers.

Balusubramanya KV, Ramya R, Govindaraj SJ. Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Human Osseous Defects (Mandibular Grade II Furcation Involvement) Treated with Bioresorbable Memberane: Vicryl Mesh. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):806-811.

Orthodontists generally agree that nonextraction treatment is associated with downward and backward rotation of the mandible and an increase in the lower anterior face height (LAFH). They also agree that extraction line of treatment is associated with upward and forward rotation of the mandible and decrease in the LAFH. The intent of this cephalometric investigation was to examine the wedge hypothesis, that the vertical dimension collapses after first bicuspid extraction. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cephalometric overbite and vertical changes following first premolar extraction in high angle cases.

Forty-five adult patients having high mandibular plane angle, i.e. Gogn – SN more than or equal to 32° having class I molar and canine relation were included. Preand post-treatment lateral cephalograms were measured and compared to analyze the cephalometric changes.

There was no decrease in the overbite and vertical changes following first premolar extraction in high angle cases.

The facial complex does increase in size with growth, but mandibular plane while moving inferiorly, remain essentially parallel to its pretreatment position due to residual growth and treatment mechanics.

The study concluded that, There was no decrease in the vertical facial dimension, overbite and mandibular plane angle. However, it should be interpreted with caution, given the small sample size.

Ramesh GC, Pradeep MC, Kumar GA, Girish KS, Suresh BS. Over-bite and Vertical Changes following First Premolar Extraction in High Angle Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):812-818.

Permanent mandibular third molar are most commonly impacted teeth. In planning the surgical removal of mandibular third molar, correct diagnosis requires not only their precise spatial location, but also a thorough and accurate assessment of the intimate relationship with adjacent anatomical structures. Various imaging modalities have been used for localizing the mandibular third molar but not satisfactorily.

This prospective study of 30 patients with 42 impacted mandibular third molars was carried out with the aim of finding evidence for justifying the use of computed tomography and orthopantomography as a diagnostic modality, prior to surgical intervention of impacted mandibular third molar.

Subjective evaluation of the CT and OPG images by two observed had shown that there was significant difference between the CT and OPG for radiographic visibility of mandibular canal in relation to third molar.

Data analysis was done with Chi-square test (χ²) and z-test to find the significant difference between the two radiographic modalities OPG and CT in localizing special relationship of impacted mandibular third molar. The comparison of OPG and CT showed z-value >1.5 in darkening of roots (1.98), deflection of root (2.00) interruption of z-value = 0 in narrowing of canal and dark, bifid apexes. Also it showed p-value <0.05 in all the radiographic signs except narrowing of mandibular canal and and dark and bifid apexes.

The spiral CT image provides a unique opportunity to determine the exact position of impacted mandibular third molar and their relationship to adjacent structure in all three planes.

Computed tomography is highly instrumental in depicting the relationship of mandibular third molar with inferior alveolar nerve canal before treatment and accurate appraisal of the several aspects can be made regarding prognosis.

Katakam SK, Shankar U, Thakur D, Reddy TPK, Hari KR, Janga D. Comparison of Orthopantomography and Computed Tomography Image for Assessing the Relationship between Impacted Mandibular Third Molar and Mandibular Canal. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):819-823.

While literature demonstrates that the optimum accuracy is obtained with the custom trays, the use of stock trays for elastomeric impressions appears to be popular in general practice. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of thickness of impression material on the dimensional accuracy of impressions made from monophasic polyvinylsiloxane impression material. This study also studies the dimensional stability of the impressions poured at different time intervals.

A metal model simulating two abutment teeth was fabricated along with reference lines inscribed on them. Custom impression trays were fabricated with spacer thickness of 2, 4 and 6 mm. impressions were made using monophasic polyvinyl siloxane impression material. The impressions were poured and stone models were obtained. The dimensional accuracy of the impressions were determined indirectly by measuring the dimensional changes of the recovered stone models. The dimensional stability was also evaluated by pouring the impressions at time intervals of 1 hour, 24 hours and 7 days. The obtained data was statistically analyzed.

The results of the study indicated that the impressions made from 2 and 4 mm tray space produced more accurate stone models when compared to 6 mm tray space. There was no significant deviation in the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions when impressions were made using impression trays with 2, 4 and 6 mm tray spacers. There was a significant decrease in interabutment distance (p = 0.001) and height of the abutment (p = 0.024) when impressions were made using impression trays with a tray space of 6 mm. There were no significant differences found among the stone models obtained from 1 hour, 24 hours and 1 week pour times.

The mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the abutments were not affected by the variations in thickness of impression material. There was a decrease in the height of the abutment which was clinically not significant. As the thickness of the impression material increased, the interabutment space decreased, which is a factor of concern when impressions are made for fixed partial dentures.

When monophasic polyvinylsiloxane is used as the impression material, stock trays can be used for making impressions for individual castings.

Rajapur A, Dixit S, Hoshing C, Raikar S. The Influence of Tray Space and Repeat Pours on the Accuracy of Monophasic Polyvinylsiloxane Impression. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):824-829.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the apical seal obtained with four root canal sealers AH 26, Sealapex, Endoflas FS and AH Plus, with lateral condensation.

Sixty root canals were prepared using the step-back technique. The specimens were divided into four experimental groups of 12 teeth and two control groups of 12 teeth. The experimental groups were obturated by laterally condensed gutta-percha with one of the tested sealers and control groups were obturated without any sealer. Methylene blue dye penetration with centrifuging method was used to evaluate the apical sealing ability. The quantitative apical leakage of each specimen was measured after 2 weeks.

The results showed no significant differences between all groups except between AH Plus and Endoflas FS (<0.05). AH Plus showed significantly less leakage than Endoflas FS.

AH Plus showed the least leakage compared to AH 26, Sealapex and Endoflas FS.

Joseph R, Singh S. Evaluation of Apical Sealing Ability of Four Different Sealers using Centrifuging Dye Penetration Method: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):830-833.

To evaluate the curing depth and compressive strength of dental composite using halogen light curing unit and light emitting diode light curing unit.

Eighty cylindrical composite specimens were prepared using posterior composite P₆₀(3M). Forty specimens, out of which 20 samples (group A) cured with halogen light and 20 samples (group B) cured using light emitting diode (LED) light were checked for curing depth according to ISO 4049. Remaining 40 samples out of which 20 samples (group I) cured using halogen light and 20 samples (group II) cured using LED light were checked for compressive strength using Instron universal testing machine.

Twenty samples (group A) cured with halogen light showed better curing depth than 20 samples (group B) cured with LED light. Twenty samples (group I) cured with halogen light showed almost similar results as 20 samples (group II) cured with LED light for compressive strength.

Halogen light commonly used to cure composite resin have greater depth of cure, when compared to LED light, while both the lights produced compressive strength which is almost similar.

Lower depth of cure with the LED unit, compared to the QTH unit, is associated with different light scattering due to differences in spectral emission. LED technology differs from QTH by the spectral emission that favorably matches the absorption spectrum of camphorquinone.

Kumar CNV, Gururaj M, Paul J, Krishnaprasada L, Divyashree R. A Comparative Evaluation of Curing Depth and Compressive Strength of Dental Composite cured with Halogen Light Curing Unit and Blue Light Emitting Diode: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):834-837.

Pradeep N, Sreekumar AV. An in vitro Investigation into the Cytotoxicity of Methyl Methacrylate Monomer. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):838-841.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of heat polymerized acrylic resin denture base clamped by the conventional method and by new-press technique and cured by long curing cycle.

In this study, a total of 60 standardized maxillary record bases were fabricated with seven reference points as follows:

Incisive papilla,

Canine region on either side

Midpoint of tuberosities on either side

Midpoint of the line joining the two tuberosities

Midpoint between the line joining A and F

Ten maxillary record bases were fabricated by conventional clamping method and cured by long curing cycle.

Ten maxillary record bases were fabricated by New Press or RS tension clamping method and cured by long curing cycle.

The distances between the reference points, i.e. A-B, A-C, A-D, D-F, B-E, C-G, E-F, F-G, B-D, D-G, C-D, D-E of all three thermoplastic denture base plates were measured and recorded with the help of travelling microscope and were used for comparison with the measured and recorded readings of processed acrylic denture bases. The data obtained was analyzed by using the one-way analysis of variance and HSD Multiple Comparison Test.

The overall results of the study indicate that among all the denture bases cured by the two clamping systems and the long curing cycle, group A‘ were the most dimensionally stable, followed by control group A.

The study concluded that the denture bases fabricated by the New Press method using the long curing cycle would produce the most dimensionally stable denture bases.

Shankar T, Gowd S, Ahmed ST, Vinod V, Goud MV, Rao NV. A Comparative Evaluation of the Dimensional Accuracy of Heat Polymerized Acrylic Resin Denture Base Clamped by the Conventional Method and by New-press Technique and Cured by Long Curing Cycle: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):842-849.

This study is to evaluate the role of 1:1 v/v 30% trichloromethane and monomer solvent in enhancing the durability of bonding between cross-linked acrylic teeth and different heatcured denture bases with or without mechanical preparations made on ridge lap portion of the artificial teeth.

Two high impact denture base resin materials (Trevalon HI, DeTrey, UK, and DPI Tuff, Mumbai) and one nonhigh impact denture base resin material (DPI Quick Set, Mumbai) were selected to form three groups. Each group contains 30 specimens prepared by five different methods. A mixture of 30% trichloromethane and monomer, mixed in the ratio of 1:1 and applied for 1 minute on the ridge lap area of experimental specimens of methods—B, C, D and E (Specimens of method—A being control group, where no alterations were made at the ridge lap portion of acrylic teeth) before curing. Hounsfield universal testing machine is employed to evaluate the comparative bond strengths.

No significant difference was seen in bond strengths between specimens of experimental methods in all groups. When each group was assessed separately method B specimens in group 1 (739.2 N), group 2 (758 N) and method D specimens in group 3 (729 N) showed highest mean bond strengths. Control group specimens showed the least bond strength (400-460 N) in all groups with more adhesive failures.

Ridge lap portion of the specimens treated with chemical solvent as in method B showed increased bond strength in groups 1 and 2. Hence, this is a preferred method.

Evaluation of effect of different chemical and mechanical preparations at the ridge lap areas of acrylic teeth before acrylization helps the clinician and technician to overcome the problem of debonding of teeth from denture bases and in turn provides better quality prosthesis to the patient.

Bharat JSV, Naidu DL, Reddy MV, Naveen P, Rao NV. Effect of Trichloromethane on the Bond Strengths between Acrylic Teeth and Different Heat-cured Denture Bases: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):850-855.

The current study has been chosen to evaluate the efficacy of calcium hypochlorite as a disinfecting additive for the gypsum products and its effect on compressive and tensile strength of the set material. It is hypothesized that, the addition of calcium hypochlorite to type V dental stone in sufficient quantity to disinfect the material would have no deleterious effect on compressive or tensile strength.

Total of 160 samples made up of type V dental stone were divided broadly into two groups of 80 samples each for the sake of compressive and tensile strength testing in dry and wet conditions: Out of each group, 10 samples without addition of any disinfectant (0% calcium hypochlorite) was compared with other group of 30 samples after adding disinfectant, i.e. each subgroup containing 10 samples each (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% calcium hypochlorite).

Within limitations of this in vitro study it is assumed to prepare type V dental stone that contains a disinfectant, has adequate compressive strength and tensile strength, and can significantly act against a resistant species like Bacillus subtilis.

When calcium hypochlorite was added to dental stone, extra mixing water was required to produce a material of nearly same pouring consistency. The samples, which were put to microbiological tests, showed effective action of disinfectant on Bacillus subtilis. No deleterious effect on compressive or tensile strength could be found after putting the selected samples with calcium hypochlorite.

Swain PK, Nagaral SC, Kamalapurker PK, Damineni R. Promising Role of Calcium Hypochlorite as a Disinfectant: An in vitro Evaluation Regarding its Effect on Type V Dental Stone. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):856-866.

Visual and microscopic evaluation of defects caused by torsional fatigue in hand and rotary nickel titanium (NiTi) instruments.

Ninety-six NiTi greater taper instruments which were routinely used for root canal treatment only in anterior teeth were selected for the study. The files taken include ProTaper for hand use, ProTaper Rotary files and Endowave rotary files. After every use, the files were observed visually and microscopically (Stereomicroscope at 10×) to evaluate the defects caused by torsional fatigue. Scoring was given according to a new classification formulated which gives an indication of the severity of the defect or damage.

Data was statistically analyzed using KruskallWallis and Mann-Whitney U test.

Number of files showing defects were more under stereomicroscope than visual examination. But, the difference in the evaluation methods was not statistically significant. The different types of defects observed were bent instrument, straightening/stretching of twist contour and partial reverse twisting. Endowave files showed maximum number of defects followed by ProTaper for hand use and least in ProTaper Rotary.

Visible defects due to torsional fatigue do occur in NiTi instruments after clinical use. Both visual and microscopic examinations were efficient in detecting defects caused due to torsional fatigue. This study emphasizes that all files should be observed for any visible defects before and after every instrumentation cycle to minimize the risk of instrument separation and failure of endodontic therapy.

Chakka NVMK, Ratnakar P, Das S, Bagchi A, Kumar S, Anumula L. Do NiTi Instruments show Defects before Separation? Defects caused by Torsional Fatigue in Hand and Rotary Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Instruments which Lead to Failure during Clinical Use. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):867-872.

Karande N, Shah P, Bhatia M, Lakade L, Bijle MNA, Arora N, Bhalla M. Assessment of Awareness amongst School Teachers regarding Prevention and Emergency Management of Dentoalveolar Traumatic Injuries in School Children in Pune City, before and 3 Months after Dental Educational Program. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):873-877.

This study was undertaken to assess the level knowledge and experience about CPR among oral and maxillofacial surgeons.

In a cross-sectional study, a total of 96 professionals (31-PGs, 65-MDS staff) were surveyed using a self-administered structured questionnaire pretested through a pilot survey. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 15.0. The Student's t-test and ANOVA test were used as test of significance. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.

In the present study, 78% of oral surgeons had received training about CPR but only 52.0% have proper practical knowledge of performing it. As there were some cases due to CPA in dental practice even then half of the participants take history of patients regarding this. A significant difference was found according to designation with PGs having lower mean scores. A positive linear correlation was found between years of experience and knowledge about CPR (Pearson's correlation, r = 0.613, p = 0.00).

The present findings showed that practical knowledge of performing CPR is still low and half of them still do not take history regarding this. So there is need for more knowledge about CPR through CDE programs.

Boddu S, Prathigudupu RS, Somuri AV, Lingamaneni KP, Rao P, Kuchimanchi PK. Evaluation of Knowledge and Experience among Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):878-881.

Shinde N, Baad R, Nagpal DKJ, Prabhu PR, Surekha LC, Karande P. Managing HIV/Hepatitis Positive Patients: Present approach of Dental Health Care Workers and Students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6): 882-885.

The aim of this study was to determine the pressure where oral soft tissue resistance will be overcome resulting in soft tissue emphysema and to measure the safety of an antifouling device for a videoscope used during minimally invasive periodontal surgery.

Resistance was measured in vitro in porcine tissue. One study arm measured palatal tissue resistance to air applied through a needle. Another arm measured resistance in a surgical access for minimally invasive periodontal surgery (MIS). India ink was placed on the tissue, pressure at 0,3,10,15,20, and 25 pounds/square inch (psi) applied, and penetration of India ink into the tissue was measured. Three trials in three sites were performed at each pressure in both arms of the study.

Pressure applied to palatal tissue through a needle showed no significant penetration of India ink until 15 psi (0.90 ¡Ó 0.24 mm, p = 0.008). Penetration considered clinically significant was noted at 20 and 25 psi (4 to 6 mm, p „T 0.0001). No significant penetration was noted in minimally invasive incisions.

Within the test system, pressures of 15 psi or less seem unlikely to cause soft tissue emphysema. No evidence of tissue emphysema was noted with the videoscope antifouling device.

The use of pressures greater than 15 pounds per square inch should be avoided during surgical procedures. The antifouling device for a videoscope appears safe for use during minimally invasive periodontal surgery.

Harrel SK, Abraham CM, Rivera- Hidalgo F. Tissue Resistance to Soft Tissue Emphysema during Minimally Invasive Periodontal Surgery. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):886-891.

Prasad SSR, Radharani C, Sinha S, Kumar SVK. Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis with Distinctive Facies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):892-896.

To report a case of conservative nonsurgical management of periapical lesions.

Small periapical lesions of endodontic origin usually heal by conventional endodontic therapy alone. Larger periapical lesions presumed to be cystic may require additional treatment protocols to aid in regression. Conservative nonsurgical management of such lesions eliminates the possible complications of surgery and has wider patient compliance and acceptance.

A periapical cystic lesion associated with maxillary central incisor and lateral incisor was treated conservatively using buccal aspiration decompression followed by conventional endodontic therapy employing calcium hydroxide iodoform paste as intracanal medicament is reported.

The treatment was successful as evidenced by relief of symptoms and radiographic evaluation.

Large periapical cyst-like lesions can resolve by nonsurgical endodontic therapy employing calcium hydroxide intracanal interappointment medicament.

Thomas K, Dhanapal PT, Simon EP. Management of Large Periapical Cystic Lesion by Aspiration and Nonsurgical Endodontic Therapy using Calcium Hydroxide Paste. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):897-901.

Moogi PP, Hegde RS, Prashanth BR, Kumar GV, Biradar N. Endodontic Treatment of Mandibular Canine with Two Roots and Two Canals. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):902-904.

Prabha MV, Sinha S, Kumar SVK, Haragopal S. Maxillary Molar with Two Palatal Canals. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):905-907.

To present a unique case of mandibular first and second premolars with two roots and two root canals with the aid of spiral computed tomography (SCT).

Confirmation of morphology of mandibular first and second premolars with the aid of SCT.

Mandibular premolars usually have a single root and a single canal. The occurrence of two roots with two separate root canals is extremely rare. The use of SCT in this rare case greatly contributed toward making a confirmatory diagnosis and successful endodontic management.

Successful nonsurgical endodontic management of mandibular first and second premolars with two separate roots and root canals has been presented. In this case, exact root canal anatomy could not be confirmed by using radiographs alone. Hence, the use of SCT helped us in making a confirmatory diagnosis.

Developmental anomalies can occur in any tooth and two rooted premolars are no exception. The complexity of such teeth has to be considered for planning endodontic treatment using latest diagnostic equipment to increase the chances of success.

Reddy SJ, Chandra PVR, Santoshi L, Reddy GV. Endodontic Management of Two-rooted Mandibular Premolars using Spiral Computed Tomography: A Report of Two Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):908-913.

Shankar U, Chandra S, Raju BHVRK, Anitha G, Srikanth KV, Laheji A. Condylar Hyperplasia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):914-917.

The present case report describes the importance of understanding of biomechanical and clinical considerations in application of Forsus appliance in correction of class II skeletal malocclusion.

Angle's class II malocclusion is one of the most prevailing that may be either skeletal or dental presenting with different clinical manifestations. There are number of appliances to treat such a malocclusion in a growing child. Fixed functional appliances are indicated for class II corrections in patients who report late with minimal residual growth left.

A case of class II skeletal and dental malocclusion treated with preadjusted edgewise appliance supplemented with Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) (3M Unitek Corp, California, USA) is reported.

Forsus device is an effective alternative in treating moderate skeletal class II malocclusion. The Forsus FRD (3M Unitek Corp, California, USA) can be used instead of class II elastics in mild cases and in place of Herbst appliance in severe cases.

Alteration of force vector by modifying the archwire as shown in this case report while applying Forsus and incorporation of 10 degree labial root torque in lower archwire will minimize the effects on dentition.

Engaging modules or tubing on to the pushrod and leaving 1 to 2 mm clearance between distal end of the upper tube and L-pin as shown in this case report will significantly improve the patient compliance.

Much emphasis should be given to biomechanical considerations which were discussed in this article while treating patients with Forsus to prevent the unwanted effects.

Clinical considerations and certain modifications advised in this case report should be utilized while treating class II skeletal malocclusions with Forsus appliance to eliminate the patient cooperation factor and make treatment time estimates much more accurate.

Adusumilli SP, Sudhakar P, Mummidi B, Varma DPK, Arora S, Radhika A, Maheshwari A. Biomechanical and Clinical Considerations in correcting Skeletal Class II Malocclusion with Forsus^TM. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(6):918-924.

Laheji A, Sakharde S, Chidambaram S, Gondhalekar RR, Shankar U, Radhika A. Adenoameloblastoma: A Dilemma in Diagnosis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6): 925-929.

To understand the aggressiveness of lesions in immunocompromised patients.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-neoplastic intraosseous lesion, anterior to the molars and more commonly in the mandible. It is an uncommon lesion accounting for less than 7% of all benign jaw lesions found predominantly in children and young adults with a female predilection of about 2:1 ratio.

A 22-year-old male patient came to the department with a growth in the anterior part of the maxilla with pain, rapid pace of growth and which recurred after initial excision as told to us in the case history.

A diagnosis of CGCG of aggressive nature should be kept in mind, in a young immunocompromised patient.

A recurrent lesion, with rapid pace of growth, associated with pain, a positive immunodeficient status, lesion in the anterior maxilla in a male patient, we can think of an aggressive CGCG.

Okade DR, James L, Shetty A, Reddy S. An Aggressive Lesion of Anterior Maxilla. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):930-933.

Mahesh L, Narayan TV, Bali P, Shukla S. Socket Preservation with Alloplast: Discussion and a Descriptive Case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):934-937.

Narasimhan HV, Dheeraj D, Darshana D, Sreekumar AV. Contemporary Concepts in Treatment Planning, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of the Maxillofacial Region: An Overview of Methods used in Practice. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):938-944.