Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Patil S. Messenger Services on Smartphone: Changing Trends of Communication in Dental Practice. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):267-269.

Rafael CF, Passoni B, Araújo C, de Araújo MA, Benfatti C, Volpato C. Can Time of Implant Placement influence Bone Remodeling? J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):270-274.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the immediate and delayed effects of diode laser on debonding of ceramic brackets.

A total of 60 human extracted premolar teeth were randomly assigned to three different treatment groups. All teeth were bonded with adhesive precoated (APC) ceramic brackets (3M Unitek). A total of 20 teeth were debonded without lasing (group 1), 20 immediately after lasing (group 2), and 20 1 hour after lasing (group 3). For the lasing groups (groups 2 and 3), access cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface to a 2 mm diameter. A transbond plus self-etching primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and APC PLUS clarity advanced brackets (3M, Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were used. The shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were measured. The internal pulpal wall temperature was noted for the laser groups.

The mean SBS was 15.4, 11.57, and 11.79 MPa for groups 1 to 3 respectively. Post hoc test showed significant difference (p < 0.001) between the control group and the lased groups. For groups 2 and 3, the rise in temperature was at an average of 1.4 and 1.3°C respectively.

The SBS of APC brackets decreased by 33.3% on application of diode laser without increasing the internal pulp chamber wall temperature significantly. Shear bond strength remains more or less the same whether debonding is done immediately after lasing or 1 hour after lasing. Diode lasers increased the ARI scores and thus decreased the risk of enamel fracture.

Anand P, Anand PB, Prabhakar R, Rajvikram N, Rajakumar P, Atali VR, Saravanan R. Immediate and Delayed Effects of Diode Laser on Debonding of Ceramic Brackets: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):275-281.

To determine the sensitivity of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia to triclosan, and determine if these bacteria develop resistance to triclosan upon prolonged exposure.

Susceptibility to triclosan was tested against three periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. forsythia. Escherichia coli strains sensitive and resistant to triclosan were used as biological controls to confirm the efficacy of triclosan in the assays. Agar plates were prepared locally with vitamin K and hemin-supplemented medium.

Porphyromonas gingivalis and P. intermedia did not grow on plates containing ≥2 μg/ml triclosan, while T. forsythia did not grow on ≥1.66 μg/ml. Colonies of P. intermedia resistant to triclosan developed after prolonged incubation at 2 μg/ml, but this resistance disappeared during subculture in the absence of triclosan.

No significant resistance to triclosan was detected for these species.

Dental products containing triclosan can be beneficial in controlling periodontal disease.

Farsi D, Tanner A. In vitro Resistance Testing of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia to Triclosan. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):282-285.

To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes in girls with class II division 1 malocclusion after growth spurt peak under the effect of activator appliance.

In this clinical trial study, 15 female patients, with skeletal class II and mandibular growth deficiency and at least 5 mm overjet, were randomly selected 6 months after their menarche. The mean of their ages at the beginning was 12.33 ± 0.81 years, and in the end it was 13.73 ± 0.79 years; the mean duration of treatment was 12.2 ± 3.18 months. Lateral, cephalometric radiographs were taken from all the patients before and after the treatment. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 using paired t-test.

On an average, the ANB angle, the angle of the upper incisors with the S-N, facial convexity, and overjet decreased by 2.6° ± 0.9, 5.4° ± 0.8, 3.8° ± 3.4, and 5.6 ± 1.8 mm respectively. The SNB angle, the angle of the lower incisors with the N-B, the labiomental angle, the total length of the mandible, the lower anterior facial height, the lower lip distance, the first molar of the mandible, and the soft tissue pogonion to the vertical line from the S point increased by 2.8° ± 1.8, 3.4° ± 3, 14.7 ± 15, 3.7 ± 2.6, 2.1 ± 1.6, 6.3 ± 2.5, 4.4 ± 2.4, and 6 ± 3.3 mm respectively. All these figures were statistically significant (p = 0.000).

The functional appliance improved the dental–skeletal relations and the soft tissue profile of patients after growth spurt peak of puberty in a group of Iranian girls, whereas dental changes were more than skeletal ones.

Functional appliances can be used for correction of skeletal class II malocclusion 6 months after menarche in girls.

Jouybari AAM, Arash V, Tavanafar S, Khafri S, Dehghan Z. The Effects of Functional Appliances on Female Patients with Skeletal Class II Malocclusion 6 Months after Menarche. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):286-293.

To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of linear measurements made on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-derived digital models.

A total of 25 patients (44% female, 18.7 ± 4 years) who had CBCT images for diagnostic purposes were included. Plaster models were obtained and digital models were extracted from CBCT scans. Seven linear measurements from predetermined landmarks were measured and analyzed on plaster models and the corresponding digital models. The measurements included arch length and width at different sites. Paired t test and Bland–Altman analysis were used to evaluate the accuracy of measurements on digital models compared to the plaster models. Also, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to evaluate the reproducibility of the measurements in order to assess the intraobserver reliability.

The statistical analysis showed significant differences on 5 out of 14 variables, and the mean differences ranged from −0.48 to 0.51 mm. The Bland–Altman analysis revealed that the mean difference between variables was (0.14 ± 0.56) and (0.05 ± 0.96) mm and limits of agreement between the two methods ranged from −1.2 to 0.96 and from −1.8 to 1.9 mm in the maxilla and the mandible, respectively. The intraobserver reliability values were determined for all 14 variables of two types of models separately. The mean ICC value for the plaster models was 0.984 (0.924–0.999), while it was 0.946 for the CBCT models (range from 0.850 to 0.985).

Linear measurements obtained from the CBCTderived models appeared to have a high level of accuracy and reproducibility.

Maroua AL, Ajaj M, Hajeer MY. The Accuracy and Reproducibility of Linear Measurements Made on CBCT-derived Digital Models. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):294-299.

This study aimed to investigate, in vitro, possible alterations on mini-implants surface after retrieval and if the cleaning process and sterilization can predispose damages.

Two commercial mini-implants were tested for deformations after drilling and removing in artificial bone four times. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and surface alterations verified through thread and pitches deformation. To alterations caused by insertion/removal and the cleaning process and sterilization were verified in different procedures: Insertions and sterilization, only insertions, and only sterilization. Photomicrographs were analyzed in order to compare the surface characteristics. Head deformation was verified qualitatively. For a quantitative analysis, distances between threads were measured across the active part of the mini-implants.

No deformation was observed in both groups. The cleaning and sterilization processes did not provoke alteration in both groups. Nevertheless, the presence of synthetic bone was noted in some samples. The mean distances between implant threads were similar after all steps in all regions in both groups.

The results suggest that the tested mini-implants can be retrieved without damage of its surface after four cycles of insertion, removal, and sterilization.

Mini-implants can be retrieved without damage to its surface after four cycles of insertion, removal, and sterilization in the same patient without representing a biological concern.

Gross JM, Nascimento GG, Araújo VC, Bönecker MJS, Furuse C. Mini-implants for Orthodontic Anchorage: Surface Analysis after Redrilling and Sterilization – An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):300-305.

The study was carried to find a relationship between the postextraction stable landmark, the incisive papilla, and the most labial position of the maxillary central incisor teeth, which occurred in Nepalese population.

Casts of the subjects selected by nonprobability random sampling meeting the inclusion criteria were obtained. Each casts were standardized with respect to the occlusal plane and a photographic technique was used to measure the distance from the tangent of the labial surface of the central incisors to the posterior border of the incisive papilla. The measurements were made using Adobe Photoshop and results were analyzed by using appropriate statistical methods. Most appropriate software (SPSS) for the purpose was used to generate all desired values.

The data obtained suggested that the distance from the labial surface of maxillary central incisors to the posterior border of the incisive papilla ranged from 9 to 15.9 mm with a mean of 11.59 mm (SD 1.3). Various other results were also found after evaluation of the arch forms in relation to sex and race.

Within the limitations of the study, these results suggested that there is a relationship between the maxillary central incisors and the incisive papilla aiding in the anteroposterior positioning of the anterior tooth.

The clinical relevance of the study lies in application of the incisive papilla as a starting point in the preliminary location of maxillary incisors and canines during construction of the denture in absence of preextraction records.

Shrestha S, Joshi SP, Yadav SK. Relationship of Incisive Papilla to Maxillary Incisors and Canines. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):306-312.

Retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is an inflammatory disease that affects the apical part of an osseointegrated implant, while the coronal portion of the implant sustains a normal bone-to-implant interface. It is a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for implantologists. There is lack of a standard classification system and a definite treatment algorithm for the same. This article aims to introduce a classification system for RPI based on the radiographic amount of bone loss around an implant apex.

A search of PubMed database was conducted with the keywords “retrograde peri-implantitis” and “implant periapical lesion.” Preoperative intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs of implants with RPI in case reports/case series were compiled. A total of 54 IOPAs from 36 articles were compiled and were assessed.

Three different classes were proposed. The amount of bone loss from the apex of the implant to the most coronal part of radiolucency was calculated as a percentage of the total implant length and classified into one of the three classes: Mild, moderate, and advanced. Treatment options and prognosis have been suggested for each class.

The proposed classification may allow for an easy and reproducible radiographic assessment of the RPI lesion and may serve as a guideline to prognosis and treatment planning.

Shah R, Thomas R, Kumar ABT, Mehta DS. A Radiographic Classification for Retrograde Periimplantitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):313-321.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in the flexural strength of heat-cured denture base resins when treated using denture cleansers.

A total of 40 specimens with dimension 65 mm length, 10 mm width, and 3 mm thickness were prepared as per ISO 1567 specification. A total of 10 specimens were immersed in distilled water to be used as control. Of the remaining 30 samples, 10 were treated with Clinsodent, 10 with VI-Clean, and 10 with Clanden denture cleansers. Specimens in each group were subjected to three-point flexural load in universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. The peak load (N) was recorded and flexural strength was calculated. The findings were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney test.

Heat-cured denture base resin selected for this study showed significant difference in flexural strength after immersion in denture cleansers Clinsodent, VI-Clean, and Clanden solutions, when compared with the control group.

Findings of this study showed that denture cleansers altered the flexural strength of heat polymerized acrylic resins that endured soaking cycles which simulated 180 days of use. Hence, denture cleansers should be used with caution, once a day after brushing the dentures. It is advisable for patients to follow the manufacturer's instructions.

Ragher M, Vinayakumar G, Patil S, Chatterjee A, Mallikarjuna DM, Dandekeri S, Swetha V, Pradeep MR. Variations in Flexural Strength of Heat-polymerized Acrylic Resin after the Usage of Denture Cleansers. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):322-326.

The present study was aimed to assess the transferability of occlusal plane (OP) orientation from the patient to the articulators with the help of two different facebow systems and evaluated with a gold standard.

Twenty dentate patients were selected for the study. Two semi-adjustable arcon articulators that are Hanau Wide® Vue using SpringBow and Whip Mix® using quickmount facebow were used in the study. Mean angle between OP to horizontal reference plane obtained from Hanau Wide Vue articulator system (SpringBow using Orbitale as anterior reference point) and Whip Mix articulator system (quickmount facebow using nasion as anterior reference point) was tabulated. These values obtained were further compared with each other and evaluated against cephalometric evidence, which was considered as the gold standard for the study. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Scheffe post hoc analysis for group comparison, and level of significance (P) was calculated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 (IBM, New York, USA) software program.

Intragroup comparison of mean angle OP values showed highly significant difference (p = 0.000). Comparison between Hanau Wide Vue articulator system and Whip Mix articulator system showed statistically highly significant with a mean difference of 10.51° with Hanau system values being lower than Whip Mix system. Difference between Hanau system and cephalometric values were statistically significant with a mean difference of 2.835° and Hanau system consistently recording lower values than cephalometric values. Difference between Whip Mix system and cephalometric values was also statistically significant with a mean difference of 7.680° with group 2 values were on average 7.680° higher than group 3.

Within the limitations of this study, the Hanau system and Whip Mix system showed significant difference in reproduction of angle between OP and horizontal reference plane. Hanau articulator system showed closer values to that of cephalometric values in comparison with Whip Mix articulator system.

Orientation of the maxillary cast in an articulator is a crucial part of several techniques used in dentistry. Orientation of maxillary cast in the articulator acts as a baseline from which further steps for occlusal rehabilitation of the patients are carried out. Recording and transferring of the occlusal cant to articulators require facebow.

Anusha CV, Singh AA, Sam G, Sangwan B, Shilpa M, Kamath AG. Evaluation of Two Facebow/Semi-adjustable Articulator Systems for Orienting Maxillary Cast on Articulators: A Pilot Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):327-330

Almuhaiza M. Glass-ionomer Cements in Restorative Dentistry: A Critical Appraisal. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):331-336.

Jafer M, Patil S, Hosmani J, Bhandi SH, Chalisserry EP, Anil S. Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Biofilm-associated Oral Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):337-343.

To make use of fiber-reinforced composite and the patient's own extracted teeth in fabricating a provisional restoration following immediate implant placement.

Fiber-reinforced composites offer various possibilities in temporization of osseointegrating implants in the esthetic zone.

In this chairside technique, the patient's own extracted teeth with fiber-reinforced composite were used to fabricate a provisional restoration after immediate implant placement.

A putty index was made before extracting the teeth and placing the implants as planned. The index and crowns of the extracted teeth were used to make a nonloading, esthetic, chairside provisional restoration after immediate implant placement.

By using the patient's own teeth for provisionalization immediately after implant placement, acceptance is greatly enhanced.

Satwalekar P, Satwalekar T, Bondugula V, Bhuvaneshwari B, Harshavardhan KV, Pasula K. Creating Esthetic Harmony with Nonloading, Fixed Provisional Restoration using Extracted Teeth after Immediate Implant Placement. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):344-346.