Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Patil S. The Yin-Yang Principle of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oral Cancer. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):513-514.

To compare root canal treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis (AP) in a single or two visits, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Twenty-six pairs of teeth (13 patients) were assigned to two groups: Group single-session (GSS): Instrumentation and root canal filling in the same session; and group two-session (GTS): A calcium hydroxide intracanal medication (Calen^® paste) was used for 14 days between two sessions. Cone beam computed tomography scans were obtained before and 12 months after treatment. The pre- and postoperative volume of the AP lesions was measured in mm³. The percentages of volume reduction was compared using Student's t-test and the existence of significant difference between the groups for cases with ≤50% or > 50% lesion volume reduction was assessed by chi-squared test ratio likelihood test (α = 5%).

The volume reduction was greater in GTS (79.25%) than GSS (68.35%), though without significant difference (p > 0.05). After 12 months, complete repair was not observed in any specimen. Lesion volume reduction > 50% was significantly greater with the use of an intracanal medication (p < 0.05).

Twelve months posttreatment, CBCT did not show complete repair in any of the teeth, suggesting that this follow-up period is not sufficient for complete lesion regression. In both groups, similar AP lesion volume reduction was observed after 12 months, with a more advanced repair (> 50% volume reduction) in the teeth medicated with calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing.

Calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing provided clinical evidence to indicate its use in teeth with apical periodontitis prior to definitive root canal filling.

de Castro Rizzi-Maia C, Maia-Filho EM, Nelson-Filho P, Segato RAB, de Queiroz AM, Paula-Silva FWG, da Silva Pereira SM, Borges AH, da Silva LAB. Single vs Twosession Root Canal Treatment: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Study using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):515-521.

The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of the modified tandem appliance (MTA) vs the facemask (FM) with rapid maxillary expansion.

Thirty-two patients, aged 7 to 9 years were recruited. Eligibility criteria included skeletal class III malocclusion that resulted from the retrusion of the maxilla. Randomization was accomplished to divide the sample into two equal groups to be treated with either MTA or FM. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained before treatment and after 2 mm positive overjet was achieved. Intragroup comparisons were performed using paired-sample t-test, and intergroup comparisons were performed using two-sample t-test at the p ≤ 0.05 level.

Thirty-two patients (16 in each group) were available for statistical analysis. The pretreatment variables of both groups were similar. Both treatment therapies showed similar significant increase in the SNA and ANB angles, accompanied by slight decrease in the SNB angle. The increase in the SN:GoMe angle, Bjork's sum, and the overjet were significantly greater in the FM group. The forward movement of upper dentition was similar in both groups. Although the lower incisors retrusion was significantly greater in the FM group than in the MTA group, the uprighting of the lower molars was significantly greater in the MTA group.

Both appliances showed similar effects apart from less clockwise rotation of the mandible, less retrusion of the lower incisors, and greater uprighting of the lower molars in the MTA group.

Both the MTA and the FM groups are effective in treating class III malocclusion. The MTA group is more efficient in controlling the clockwise rotation and gaining some space in the lower arch.

Husson AH, Burhan AS, Salma FB, Nawaya FR. Dentoskeletal Effects of the Modified Tandem Appliance vs the Facemask Appliance in the Treatment of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Single-center, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):522-529.

To achieve acceptable contour, color, esthetics, and occlusal relations, the porcelain may be subjected to several firing cycles. This study sought to assess the effect of multiple firing cycles on the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of lithium disilicate-based ceramics (e.max Press, e.max CAD).

IPS e.max computer aided design (CAD) cores were fabricated using CAD/(Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)) technology, and IPS e.max Press cores were fabricated using the heat-pressing technique (12 × 12 × 4 mm³). Cores in each group were divided into three subgroups based on the number of firing cycles (three, five, and seven cycles). After porcelain application, the samples were sectioned into microbars and a total of 20 sound microbars in each group were subjected to tensile load in a microtensile tester at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Microtensile bond strength of the core to the veneering porcelain was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pairwise comparisons were made using the Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

In the e.max CAD, the mean MTBS values were 22.07 ± 6.63, 34.68 ± 7.07, and 26.05 ± 10.29 MPa following three, five, and seven firing cycles respectively. These values for the e.max Press were 34.46 ± 9.28, 23.09 ± 5.02, and 31.26 ± 12.25 MPa respectively. There was significant difference in bond strength of e.max CAD (p < 0.003) and e.max Press (p < 0.002) based on the number of firing cycles.

Increasing the number of porcelain firing cycles decreased the bond strength of the core to the veneering porcelain in both ceramics.

It is better to decrease the number of firing cycle as much as possible.

Jalali H, Bahrani Z, Zeighami S. Effect of Repeated Firings on Microtensile Bond Strength of Bi-layered Lithium Disilicate Ceramics (e.max CAD and e.max Press). J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):530-535.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory response to MTA Fillapex, AH Plus, and Pulp Canal Sealer Extensive Work Time (EWT), in a murine bone defect grafting model.

Bilateral mandibular critical defects were produced in 45 Wistar rats with a trephine bur#2 and filled with the endodontic sealers. After 7, 14, and 28 days, the rats were euthanized and their jaws were histologically prepared.

For the 7-day group, no statistical significance was observed among all studied groups (p > 0.05), and high levels of inflammatory infiltrate were detected. After 14 and 28 days, Pulp Canal Sealer EWT showed statistically lower inflammatory response in comparison to other sealers (p < 0.05) except for the control group (no sealers).

Pulp Canal Sealer EWT presented the lowest levels of inflammatory response. The critical defect grafting model was an effective method to detect differences among differences on the biological response to endodontic sealers.

Knowing the biocompatibility of endodontics sealers that will be used in filling the root canal.

Scelza MZ, Campos CAM, Scelza P, Adeodato CSR, Barbosa IB, de Noronha F, Montalli V, Napimoga M, de Araújo VC, Alves GG. Evaluation of Inflammatory Response to Endodontic Sealers in a Bone Defect Animal Model. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):536-541.

Few studies utilized cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to evaluate soft tissue dimensions in malocclusion patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue relationships of adult patients according to their gender and skeletal sagittal class using CBCT.

The study sample consisted of 96 CBCT images of patients of both genders; aged 18 to 25 years with a normal vertical skeletal pattern. Patients were segregated into three groups according to their skeletal sagittal class: Class I (2 < ANB < 4), class II (ANB > 4), and class III (ANB < 2). The soft tissue measurements were analyzed in both the sagittal views and frontal volumetric rendered views using 3D-OnDemand software.

In males, the measurements (U1-stom, nasal width, mouth width) were greater in class I than in class II group. Lower lip thickness was greater in class I than in class III group (p < 0.05). In females, both labiomental fold thickness and upper lip height measurements showed greater mean values in class II than in class I group. In contrast, lower lip height was greater in class I than in class III group. Ls-Pr, U1-stom, and face width at Cheilion revealed greater values in class III patients than in class II patients. On the other hand, the lower lip thickness, upper lip height, and lower lip height measurements showed greater values in class II than in class III group (p < 0.05). Soft tissue thicknesses and measurements were greater in males than in females. However, statistically significant differences between the two sexes were not detected for all of the variables measured in each skeletal class.

The current study indicates the presence of differences in soft tissue thicknesses and facial soft tissue dimensions among skeletal classes and between the two sexes.

Cone beam computed tomography imaging is a very valuable tool to analyze 3D soft tissue characteristics of patients with different skeletal patterns of malocclusion.

Jazmati HM, Ajaj MA, Hajeer MY. Assessment of Facial Soft Tissue Dimensions in Adult Patients with Different Sagittal Skeletal Classes using Cone beam Computed Tomography. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):542-548.

The aim of the present study is to compare and assess the fracture resistance of root canal treated teeth with different restorative materials.

The present in vitro study was carried out on seventy-five freshly extracted, noncarious, single-canal human lower-first premolars with similar anatomic characteristics. Teeth were randomly assigned to five groups with 15 teeth being present in each group. Group I is control group (no alteration done), group II is restored with silver amalgam after endodontic therapy, group III is restored with posterior composite after endodontic therapy, group IV is restored with posterior glass ionomer cement (GIC) after endodontic therapy, and group V is restored with miracle mix after endodontic therapy. Universal testing machine was used to assess the fracture strength. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the significant difference between each group. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

The mean fracture resistance of control group showed highest fracture resistance with a mean Newton of 1083.33 ± 136.78. Among the restorative material, the highest fracture resistance was shown by teeth restored by composite (845.46 ± 47.36), followed by silver amalgam (845.46 ± 47.36). There was statistically significant difference among all the restorative materials compared with the control group (p < 0.05). However, among the teeth restored with silver amalgam and miracle mix, there was no statistical significance (p > 0.05).

The present study concludes that composites are found to be having more fracture resistance followed by silver amalgam on endodontically treated premolar teeth.

Restoring nonvital teeth represents a major challenge for clinicians as they are extensively damaged due to caries and endodontic access preparations. With various restorative materials in the market, it becomes difficult for the clinician to choose the better restorative material for postendodontic restoration.

Sangwan B, Rishi R, Seal M, Jain K, Dutt P, Talukdar P. An in vitro Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of endodontically treated Teeth with Different Restorative Materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):549-552.

The aim of the study was to compare the antimicrobial property of newly introduced EndoSequence BC sealer with commonly used zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Zical) and epoxy resin-based sealer (MM-Seal) against Candida albicans, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The agar diffusion test was done to measure the antimicrobial activity of sealers. The sealers were put in the 4 mm wells prepared in the inoculated agar plates. The agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the zones of inhibition that appeared was measured. Chi-square test was done to evaluate intraobserver bias for all study samples. Intergroup comparison was done for all five parameters using Pearson correlation statistical analysis.

EndoSequence BC sealer showed maximum mean of diameter of zones of inhibition against all the microorganisms but with no statistically significant difference with other sealers. Zical did not show any zone of inhibition against the P. aeruginosa. MM-Seal did not show any inhibitory activity against the P. aeruginosa and C. albicans.

EndoSequence BC sealer showed antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms and proved to be a better choice when compared with other two sealers.

Antimicrobial properties of endodontic sealers are important to prevent the persistent infection of the complex root canals. EndoSequence BC sealer has been proved to be a better sealer in this aspect.

Singh G, Elshamy FMM, Homeida HE, Boreak N, Gupta I. An in vitro Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Three Endodontic Sealers with Different Composition. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):553-556.

The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as pulpotomy agents by clinical and radiological assessments in primary teeth.

In this study, 90 decayed primary molars indicated for pulpotomy were chosen and are divided into two groups. Soft enamel and dentinal caries were removed using spoon excavator. Access opening was done using highspeed cool water handpiece. Normal saline was used to irrigate pulp chamber, later saline moistened cotton pellet was used to obtain hemostasis in both groups. Restorations were placed in respective groups and immediate postoperative radiographs were taken. Follow-ups were done at every 3 months intervals, i.e., 3, 6, 9, and 12 months respectively.

Statistical evaluation was carried out by using paired t-test which showed no significant difference between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05) with high success rate of 95.5%.

Pulpotomy with MTA and Biodentine is a reliable biological method for pulp treatment of primary teeth.

Mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine could be considered as a reliable biological method for pulpotomy of primary teeth.

Togaru H, Muppa R, Srinivas NCh, Naveen K, Reddy VK, Rebecca VC. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Success of Two commercially Available Pulpotomy Agents in Primary Teeth: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):557-563.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the resistance to deformation or fracture of brackets of various materials (ceramic, ceramic reinforced with metal slot, and stainless steel brackets) with archwires during application of torque.

The sample size included 30 brackets of maxillary right central incisor with slot dimension of 0.022 × 0.028ʺ and made of three materials (10 of each type): (1) Ceramic brackets (cer), (2) ceramic brackets reinforced with stainless steel slot (cer/ss), and (3) stainless steel brackets (metal). Thirty stainless steel archwire segments of 0.019 × 0.025ʺ SS 5 cm in length were used. Elastomeric ties were also used in this study.

Highest to lowest deformation or fracture torque found is as follows: Stainless steel brackets (5713.2 gfmm), metal ceramic reinforced with metal slot brackets (4080.8 gfmm), and ceramic brackets (3476 gfmm).

Stainless steel brackets showed significantly higher values of torsional load than ceramic brackets reinforced with metal slot and ceramic brackets.

Clinically orthodontic treatment is based on specific force applications to the dentition, the maxilla and the mandible. In order to obtain these forces, orthodontic brackets are attached to the teeth. Most commonly used brackets are metal (stainless steel), ceramic, and combination of metal reinforced ceramic brackets. For successful orthodontic treatment, it is necessary to maintain proper torque and avoid torque loss. Torque loss leads to deepening of bite. Torque loss occurs due to many reasons, one of them being bracket failure to withstand applied torque.

Khanapure CC, Ayesha S, Sam G, Kumar VJA, Deepika C, Ahmed H. Evaluation of Different Bracket's Resistance to Torsional Forces from Archwire. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):564-567.

In this in vitro study, the efficacy of 2% carbonic acid and 2% acetic acid on the surface, microhardness of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and dentin after 1 day of setting and 21 days of setting of MTA is measured.

Tooth molds were made using 60 single-rooted premolars by slicing them to 4 mm in the mid-root region. White MTA (Angelus) was mixed and packed in the molds. Three experimental groups were formed and exposed to 2% carbonic acid, 2% acetic acid, and saline for 10 minutes on 1 and 21 days of setting respectively. Vickers hardness test of white MTA and dentin was done before and after exposure. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests.

The results show that 2% acetic acid was significantly effective in reducing the microhardness of white MTA compared to 2% carbonic acid and saline on exposure for 10 minutes.

The results of the present study indicate that 2% acetic acid has maximum efficacy in reducing the surface microhardness of partial and completely set MTA, followed by 2% carbonic acid.

The following study will help find an adjunct for retrieval of MTA, which was found difficult with the existing methods.

Abraham S, Kamble AB, Gupta P, Satpute A, Chaudhari S, Ladhe P. In vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of 2% Carbonic Acid and 2% Acetic Acid on Retrieval of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and their Effect on Microhardness of Dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):568-573.

The effect of smear layer and debris on the success rate of endodontic treatment has not yet been definitely determined. So the present study was aimed to evaluate the amount of smear layer and debris on the canal walls prepared with a combination of hand and rotary ProTaper technique using NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) alternately as root canal irrigants using scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Eighty intact freshly extracted human permanent mandibular premolar teeth were collected and randomly divided equally into four groups. In group I canals were prepared with hand K-Flexofiles; group II with rotary ProTaper instruments; group III with rotary ProTaper instruments and final instrumentation was done with hand K-Flexofile; group IV with rotary ProTaper instruments and final instrumentation was done with RC-Prep and irrigated with 1 mL of normal saline. In all groups canals were irrigated using NaOCl and EDTA alternately. After instrumentation, the teeth were prepared for SEM examination using five-score indices for debris and smear layer at coronal, middle, and apical third levels. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test (p<0.05) and Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05).

Statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in cleaning the apical third. Groups I and III showed better canal cleanliness compared to group II. The use of EDTA and NaOCl in group III was more effective in removing debris and smear layer compared to EDTA and normal saline in group IV. Regardless of the instrumentation technique employed and the irrigant used, the cleaning ability decreased in the apical third, resulting in higher debris and smear layer scores compared to coronal and middle third levels.

None of the instrumentation techniques in the present study could completely eliminate the smear layer and debris from the canal walls. Instrumentation of the canals with hand files after automated rotary preparation could result in cleaner canal walls.

Alternate irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA is effective in the removal of debris and smear layer in the coronal and middle level, but the effectiveness in the apical third is less.

Kiran S, Prakash S, Siddharth PR, Saha S, Geojan NE, Ramachandran M. Comparative Evaluation of Smear Layer and Debris on the Canal Walls prepared with a Combination of Hand and Rotary ProTaper Technique using Scanning Electron Microscope. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):574-581.

Success of root canal therapy (RCT) is largely dependent upon the quality of biomechanical preparation and obturation of the pulp canal. Improperly cleaned or shaped root canal, regardless of the type of obturation method and obturating material, cannot lead to the success of endodontic therapy. Hence, we conducted a clinical comparative analysis of two obturating techniques.

A total of 140 patients receiving RCT at the department of Endodontic were included in the present study. The average follow-up time for the patients was 29 months (18–38 months). Patients were grouped into two depending on the type of obturating technique used. Evaluation of the clinical and radiographic follow-up records of the patients was done and analysis was made. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for assessing the level of significance.

The average age of the patients undergoing obturation with carrier-based obturation (CO) technique and lateral compaction (LC) technique was 43 and 48 years respectively. While comparing failure and success of the teeth at the time of follow-up, nonsignificant results were obtained. Significant difference was seen, while comparing the presence of voids and type of teeth in which endodontic therapy was performed using different obturating techniques.

Endodontic therapy done with LC obturating technique or with CO technique shows prognostic difference on the outcome or quality of treatment therapy.

Quality of obturation is more important rather than type while performing endodontic therapy for better prognosis.

Sarin A, Gupta P, Sachdeva J, Gupta A, Sachdeva S, Nagpal R. Effect of Different Obturation Techniques on the Prognosis of Endodontic Therapy: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):582-586.

One of the main aims of orthodontic treatment is the improvement of esthetics along with enhancement of functions of the orofacial regions. Complications are observed even after final completion of the orthodontic treatment due to relapse and loss of stability. Hence, we retrospectively analyzed angle class I malocclusion cases to study the correlation of outcome of orthodontic treatment and posttreatment stability.

A total of 100 patients were included in this retrospective analysis, which accounted for the patients reporting to the department of orthodontics from 2013 to 2015 with angle class I malocclusion. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention casts of the patients were made and analyzed. The Richmond et al criteria was used to evaluate peer assessment rating (PAR) index and Little irregularity index, followed by scoring with American weight. Measurement of Pearson's coefficient was done to calculate the p-value. p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant.

No significant amount of alteration was seen in the systematic errors of Little index and PAR index, while casual errors were also within the normal range. While comparing the PAR index at pretreatment and posttreatment phases, statistically significant results were obtained, whereas in case of Little index at same time intervals, scores showed nonsignificant results.

Even after delivering ideal orthodontic treatment, stability of the treatment is still not ensured until unless posttreatment follow-up is properly maintained.

Kanuru RK, Mangat SS, Sepolia G, Subudhi SK, Asnani MM, Bansal A. Evaluation of Outcome of Orthodontic Treatment in Context to Posttreatment Stability: A Retrospective Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):587-591.

This study compared the effect of local pressure and topical lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream on pain during infiltration injection for maxillary canine teeth.

A total of 140 volunteer students participated in this split-mouth design randomized clinical trial. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups (n = 35). Before administration of anesthesia, in each group, one side was randomly selected as the experimental and the opposite side as the control. In group 1, finger pressure was applied on the alveolar mucosa on the experimental side and on the tooth crown on the control side. In group 2, 5% EMLA cream and placebo; in group 3, finger pressure and 5% EMLA cream; and in group 4, 5% EMLA cream and 20% benzocaine gel were applied. In all the groups, a buccal infiltration procedure was carried out. Pain during injection was recorded with visual analog scale (VAS). Wilcoxon and McNemar tests were used for statistical analysis of the results. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

The results showed that EMLA reduced the injection pain significantly more than benzocaine (p = 0.02). Also, injection pain was significantly lower with the use of EMLA in comparison to placebo (p = 0.00). Application of local pressure reduced the injection pain, but the difference from the control side was not significant (p = 0.05). Furthermore, the difference between application of local pressure and EMLA was not statistically significant (p = 0.08).

Topical anesthesia of 5% EMLA was more effective than 20% benzocaine in reducing pain severity during infiltration injection. However, it was not significantly different in comparison to the application of local pressure.

Milani AS, Zand V, Abdollahi AA, Froughreyhani M, Zakeri-Milani P, Jafarabadi MA. Effect of Topical Anesthesia with Lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) Cream and Local Pressure on Pain during Infiltration Injection for Maxillary Canines: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):592-596.

Proper application of the cephalometric norms for tetragon analysis for better understanding, diagnosis, and management of dentofacial deformities in the ethnic population.

A total of 204 subjects, inclusive of males (102) and females (102), were selected randomly from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, in the age group ranging from 18 to 25 years, fulfilling the inclusion criteria.

Assessment of each lateral cephalogram was done using tetragon analysis to evaluate the cephalometric values for individuals with class I occlusion using the FACAD^® 3.4.0.3 A software.

Statistically significant differences were found for all parameters between the ethnic population and the Caucasian norms. Four out of 14 parameters were found to be significantly different between male and female in the ethnic population.

This study indicates that the local ethnic population have more prognathic maxillary and mandibular jaws, converging tendency of the jaw bases (resulting in reduced lower anterior facial height and horizontal growth pattern) as indicated by the analysis done in the tetragon and the trigon, and increased proclination of the upper and lower incisors.

Gupta N, Gupta G, Umasankar K, Sundari KKS. Establishing the Cephalometric Values for Tetragon Analysis in Patients with Class I Occlusion: A Cephalometric Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):597-600.

A case control study was carried out to evaluate the synergistic effects of habits quantified by habit index and its effect and severity on the clinicopathological features of oral leukoplakia in a cohort of 100 patients visiting Triveni Dental College, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.

One hundred patients indulging in tobacco-related habits (smoking and smokeless forms) were categorized into two groups: A case/experimental group consisting of 50 patients presenting with oral leukoplakia lesion and a control group consisting of 50 patients with no clinical signs of oral leukoplakia. Habit index was calculated in both groups. Case group was further subjected to incisional biopsy of the lesion followed by histopathological examination. All the variables in the study were statistically analyzed for the mean, standard deviation, i.e., value of central tendency, z-test, test of significance, and Pearson's correlation (r-test).

For p < 0.05 bidi habit index was significantly higher in the case group. Higher bidi habit index was evident in the severe stages of lesion ice, p < 0.001 (highly significant). The degree of dysplasia was higher with advancing clinical stage of the lesion.

Higher bidi habit index in the case group contributed significantly for severe stages of lesion and thereby indicates its probable progression toward malignancy. Nonhomogenous leukoplakia of the speckled subtype exhibited moderate and severe epithelial dysplasia. Hence, quantification of tobacco-related habits and the clinical appearance of the premalignant lesion predict the risk of subsequent malignant transformation of the disease.

Shetty P, Hegde S, Vinod KS, Kalra S, Goyal P, Patel M. Oral Leukoplakia: Clinicopathological Correlation and Its Relevance to Regional Tobacco-related Habit Index. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):601-608.

Rao MH, Aluru SC, Jayam C, Bandlapalli A, Patel N. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):609-613.